BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:There is an urgent need to prepare pediatricians to care for children with behavioral and mental health (B/MH) conditions. In this study, we evaluate the perceived competence of pediatric residents and recent graduates in the assessment and treatment of B/MH conditions, characterize variation in competence across residency programs, and identify program characteristics associated with high competence.METHODS: Cross-sectional survey of applicants for the initial certifying examination in pediatrics. Questions were focused on (1) who should be competent in B/MH skills, (2) institutional support around B/MH training, and (3) perceived competence in 7 B/MH assessment skills and 9 treatment skills. Competence was rated on a 5-point scale, and high levels of assessment and treatment competence were defined as scores of $4. Composite measures for B/MH assessment and treatment were calculated as mean scores for each domain. We examined variation in residents' self-reported competence across programs and used linear regression to identify factors associated with high levels of competence at the program level.RESULTS: Of applicants, 62.3% responded to the survey (n = 2086). Of these, 32.8% (n = 595) reported high competence in assessment skills and 18.9% (n = 337) in treatment skills. There were large variations in reported competence across programs. Respondents from smaller programs (,30 trainees) reported higher competence in assessment and treatment than those from large programs (P , .001).CONCLUSIONS: Current and recent pediatric trainees do not report high levels of perceived competence in the assessment and treatment of children with B/MH conditions. The substantial variation across programs indicates that the pediatric community should create standards for B/MH training.WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Pediatric residents have historically reported low competence in assessing and treating behavioral and mental health conditions. In 2009, the American Academy of Pediatrics published mental health competencies for pediatric primary care, incentivizing improvements in pediatric training.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS: As of 2018, pediatric trainees still report low competence in the assessment and treatment of children with behavioral and mental health conditions. Trainees at smaller programs report higher competence, although substantial variation exists across all residency program sizes.