Are global warming and ocean acidification conspiring against marine ectotherms? A meta-analysis of the respiratory effects of elevated temperature, high CO<sub>2</sub>and their interaction

Lefevre, Sjannie

doi:10.1093/conphys/cow009

Cited by 206 publications

(196 citation statements)

References 257 publications

(417 reference statements)

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“…Thus, this inherent plasticity precludes broad generalizations based on single, short-term experiments, but understanding such plasticity is fundamental in assigning potential risks to ongoing climate change [83,92]. Highly variable CO 2 × temperature responses are common across taxonomic groups [90,93], thus experimental replication and inter-experiment statistical comparisons are necessary for robust evaluations of climate sensitivities in marine organisms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

You Better Repeat It: Complex CO2 × Temperature Effects in Atlantic Silverside Offspring Revealed by Serial Experimentation

Murray

Baumann

2018

Diversity

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Concurrent ocean warming and acidification demand experimental approaches that assess biological sensitivities to combined effects of these potential stressors. Here, we summarize five CO 2 × temperature experiments on wild Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia, offspring that were reared under factorial combinations of CO 2 (nominal: 400, 2200, 4000, and 6000 µatm) and temperature (17,20,24, and 28 • C) to quantify the temperature-dependence of CO 2 effects in early life growth and survival. Across experiments and temperature treatments, we found few significant CO 2 effects on response traits. Survival effects were limited to a single experiment, where elevated CO 2 exposure reduced embryo survival at 17 and 24 • C. Hatch length displayed CO 2 × temperature interactions due largely to reduced hatch size at 24 • C in one experiment but increased length at 28 • C in another. We found no overall influence of CO 2 on larval growth or survival to 9, 10, 15 and 13-22 days post-hatch, at 28, 24, 20, and 17 • C, respectively. Importantly, exposure to cooler (17 • C) and warmer (28 • C) than optimal rearing temperatures (24 • C) in this species did not appear to increase CO 2 sensitivity. Repeated experimentation documented substantial inter-and intra-experiment variability, highlighting the need for experimental replication to more robustly constrain inherently variable responses. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the early life stages of this ecologically important forage fish appear largely tolerate to even extreme levels of CO 2 across a broad thermal regime.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

You Better Repeat It: Complex CO2 × Temperature Effects in Atlantic Silverside Offspring Revealed by Serial Experimentation

Murray

Baumann

2018

Diversity

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“…However, some studies have found discrepancies in this assumption where growth optima did not correlate with the highest AS (Gräns et al, 2014), and where AS continued to increase up to near-lethal temperatures, while the fish behaviourally preferred colder waters (Norin et al, 2014). Furthermore, a recent review found that fish species do not always have a clear thermal optimum in AS (Lefevre, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of thermal acclimation on aerobic scope and critical swimming speed in Atlantic salmonSalmo salar

Hvas

Folkedal

Imsland

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The Atlantic salmon is extensively studied owing to conservation concerns and its economic importance in aquaculture. However, a thorough report of their aerobic capacity throughout their entire thermal niche has not been described. In this study, Atlantic salmon (∼450 g) were acclimated for 4 weeks at 3, 8, 13, 18 or 23°C, and then tested in a large Brett-type swimming respirometer in groups of 10 per trial. Both standard metabolic rate and active metabolic rate continued to increase with temperature, which resulted in an aerobic scope that also increased with temperature, but was statistically similar between 13, 18 and 23°C. The critical swimming speed peaked at 18°C (93.1±1.2 cm s −1 ), and decreased significantly at the extreme temperatures to 74.8±0.5 and 84.8±1.6 cm s −1 at 3 and 23°C, respectively. At 23°C, the accumulated mortality reached 20% over 4 weeks, while no fish died during acclimation at colder temperatures. Furthermore, fish at 23°C had poor appetite and lower condition factor despite still having a high aerobic scope, suggesting that oxygen uptake was not the limiting factor in the upper thermal niche boundary. In conclusion, Atlantic salmon were able to maintain a high aerobic capacity and good swimming capabilities throughout the entire thermal interval tested, thus demonstrating a high level of flexibility in respiratory capacity towards different temperature exposures.

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“…There are also a range of extrinsic factors that have profound effects on metabolism and aerobic scope in ecotherms. In response to an increase in temperature, for example, SMR and MMR generally increase, with at least some species displaying a decrease in AAS past a species-specific optimum (Farrell 2016;Lefevre 2016). This pattern is often due to a decrease in MMR beyond this point, though not all species display this response and instead reach lethal temperatures before MMR begins to decline (Jutfelt et al 2018;Lefevre 2016;Nati et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In response to an increase in temperature, for example, SMR and MMR generally increase, with at least some species displaying a decrease in AAS past a species-specific optimum (Farrell 2016;Lefevre 2016). This pattern is often due to a decrease in MMR beyond this point, though not all species display this response and instead reach lethal temperatures before MMR begins to decline (Jutfelt et al 2018;Lefevre 2016;Nati et al 2016). Again, however, the exact interpretation of how aerobic scope is affected by temperature is strongly dependent on whether AAS or FAS is used to represent aerobic scope (Clark et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring key issues of aerobic scope interpretation in ectotherms: absolute versus factorial

Halsey

Killen

Clark

et al. 2018

Rev Fish Biol Fisheries

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Aerobic scope represents an animal's capacity to increase its aerobic metabolic rate above maintenance levels (i.e. the difference between standard (SMR) and maximum (MMR) metabolic rates). Aerobic scope data can be presented in absolute or factorial terms (AAS or FAS, respectively). However, the robustness of these calculations to noise or variability in measures of metabolic rate can influence subsequent interpretations of patterns in the data. We explored this issue using simple models and we compared the predictions from these models to experimental data from the literature. First, we investigated the robustness of aerobic scope calculations as a function of varying SMR when MMR is fixed, and vice versa. While FAS is unexpectedly robust to variability in SMR, even in species with low aerobic scopes, AAS is less sensitive to variation in SMR than is FAS. However, where variation in MMR is the main concern, FAS is more robust than AAS. Our findings highlight the equal importance of minimising variability in MMR, rather than just the variability in SMR, to obtain robust aerobic scope estimates. Second, we analysed metabolic rate accounting for locomotor speed and body mass for swimming fish. The interactions among these factors in relation to AAS and FAS are complex and the appropriate metric is dependent on the specific ecophysiological context of the research question. We conclude with qualified recommendations for using and interpreting AAS and FAS.

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Are global warming and ocean acidification conspiring against marine ectotherms? A meta-analysis of the respiratory effects of elevated temperature, high CO₂and their interaction

Cited by 206 publications

References 257 publications

You Better Repeat It: Complex CO2 × Temperature Effects in Atlantic Silverside Offspring Revealed by Serial Experimentation

You Better Repeat It: Complex CO2 × Temperature Effects in Atlantic Silverside Offspring Revealed by Serial Experimentation

The effect of thermal acclimation on aerobic scope and critical swimming speed in Atlantic salmonSalmo salar

Exploring key issues of aerobic scope interpretation in ectotherms: absolute versus factorial

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Are global warming and ocean acidification conspiring against marine ectotherms? A meta-analysis of the respiratory effects of elevated temperature, high CO2and their interaction

Cited by 206 publications

References 257 publications

You Better Repeat It: Complex CO2 × Temperature Effects in Atlantic Silverside Offspring Revealed by Serial Experimentation

You Better Repeat It: Complex CO2 × Temperature Effects in Atlantic Silverside Offspring Revealed by Serial Experimentation

The effect of thermal acclimation on aerobic scope and critical swimming speed in Atlantic salmonSalmo salar

Exploring key issues of aerobic scope interpretation in ectotherms: absolute versus factorial

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Are global warming and ocean acidification conspiring against marine ectotherms? A meta-analysis of the respiratory effects of elevated temperature, high CO₂and their interaction