Are Females More Resistant to Extreme Neuromuscular Fatigue?

Temesi, John; Arnal, Pierrick J.; Rupp, Thomas; Féasson, Léonard; Cartier, R; Gergelé, Laurent; Vergès, Samuel; Martín, Vicente; Millet, Guillaume Y.

doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000540

Cited by 69 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…The relatively short time (ranging 5–10 min) between the end of the race and the beginning of the POST assessment was a distinguishing characteristic of this protocol, which was conducted during a real sport race event. This 5–10 min recovery period was notably shorter than those reported in previous studies with comparable neuromuscular protocols [20 min (Millet et al., ), 30 min (Saugy et al., ), 55–120 min (Temesi et al., )]. However, neuromuscular recovery might have occurred in this time lapse and central (Gruet et al., ) and peripheral (Froyd et al., ) mechanisms recovery might be expected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Central and peripheral fatigue in knee and elbow extensor muscles after a long‐distance cross‐country ski race

Boccia

Dardanello

Zoppirolli

et al. 2016

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Although elbow extensors (EE) have a great role in cross-country skiing (XC) propulsion, previous studies on neuromuscular fatigue in long-distance XC have investigated only knee extensor (KE) muscles. In order to investigate the origin and effects of fatigue induced by long-distance XC race, 16 well-trained XC skiers were tested before and after a 56-km classical technique race. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) and rate of force development (RFD) were measured for both KE and EE. Furthermore, electrically evoked double twitch during MVC and at rest were measured. MVC decreased more in KE (-13%) than in EE (-6%, P = 0.016), whereas the peak RFD decreased only in EE (-26%, P = 0.02) but not in KE. The two muscles showed similar decrease in voluntary activation (KE -5.0%, EE -4.8%, P = 0.61) and of double twitch amplitude (KE -5%, EE -6%, P = 0.44). A long-distance XC race differently affected the neuromuscular function of lower and upper limbs muscles. Specifically, although the strength loss was greater for lower limbs, the capacity to produce force in short time was more affected in the upper limbs. Nevertheless, both KE and EE showed central and peripheral fatigue, suggesting that the origins of the strength impairments were multifactorial for the two muscles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Central and peripheral fatigue in knee and elbow extensor muscles after a long‐distance cross‐country ski race

Boccia

Dardanello

Zoppirolli

et al. 2016

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…Several studies demonstrate that after long duration cycling and running, reductions in maximal strength of lower limb muscles is less for women than men primarily due to muscular mechanisms (30, 31, 90). It is not known if sex differences in performance fatigability exist across different modes of long duration fatiguing exercise, nor the ultimate relevance to longer term recovery from such events.…”

Section: Current Knowledge On Sex Differences In Performance Fatigmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relevance of Sex Differences in Performance Fatigability

Hunter

2016

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

205

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Performance fatigability differs between men and women for a range of fatiguing tasks. Women are usually less fatigable than men and this is most widely described for isometric fatiguing contractions, and some dynamic tasks. The sex difference in fatigability is specific to the task demands so that one mechanism is not universal, including any sex differences in skeletal muscle physiology, muscle perfusion and voluntary activation. However, there are substantial knowledge gaps about the task dependency of the sex differences in fatigability, the involved mechanisms and the relevance to clinical populations and with advanced age. The knowledge gaps are in part due to the significant deficits in the number of women included in performance fatigability studies despite a gradual increase in the inclusion of women over the last 20 years. Therefore, this review 1) provides a rationale for the limited knowledge about sex differences in performance fatigability, 2) summarizes the current knowledge on sex differences in fatigability and the potential mechanisms across a range of tasks, 3) highlights emerging areas of opportunity in clinical populations, and 4) suggests strategies to close the knowledge gap and understanding the relevance of sex differences in performance fatigability. The limited understanding about sex differences in fatigability in healthy and clinical populations, presents as a field ripe with opportunity for high impact studies. Such studies will inform on the limitations of men and women during athletic endeavors, ergonomic tasks and daily activities. Because fatigability is required for effective neuromuscular adaptation, sex differences in fatigability studies will also inform on optimal strategies for training and rehabilitation in both men and women.

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“…Likewise, women typically slow down less than men in the second half of marathon races [15][16][17] . This sex difference in pacing strategy is often hypothesised to be a consequence of physiological 15,17,20,21 or the aforementioned psychological sex differences 12,16,22 . However, since we are the first to analyse sex differences in pacing strategy from a time-limited running race, we question whether either hypothesis holds true.…”

Section: Sex Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, women are considered better pacers than men because they usually slow down less in the second half of marathon [15][16][17] and ultramarathon running races; presumably due to physiological 15,17,20,21 and/or psychological 12,16,22 differences. Whether women will outrun men in ultra-marathon distances has also been a long-standing debate 5,18,19 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pacing Strategy During 24-Hour Ultramarathon-Distance Running

Bossi¹,

Matta²,

Millet³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Purpose: To describe pacing strategy in a 24-h running race and its interaction with sex, age group, athletes' performance group and race edition. Methods: Data from 398 male and 103 female participants of 5 editions were obtained based on a minimum 19.2-h effective-running cut-off. Mean running speed from each hour was normalised to the 24-h mean speed for analyses. Results: Mean overall performance was 135.6 ± 33.0 km with a mean effectiverunning time of 22.4 ± 1.3 h. Overall data showed a reverse J-shaped pacing strategy, with a significant reduction in speed from the second last to the last hour. Two-way mixed ANOVAs showed significant interactions between racing time and both athletes' performance group (F = 7.01; P < 0.001; p 2 = 0.04) and race edition (F = 3.01; P < 0.001; p 2 = 0.02), but not between racing time and both sex (F = 1.57; P = 0.058; p 2 < 0.01) and age group (F = 1.25; P = 0.053; p 2 = 0.01). Pearson's product-moment correlations showed an inverse moderate association between performance and normalised mean running speed in the first 2 h (r = -0.58; P < 0.001) but not in the last 2 h (r = 0.03; P = 0.480). Conclusions:While the general behaviour represents a rough, reverse J-shaped pattern, fastest runners start at lower relative intensities and display a more even pacing strategy than slower runners. The 'herd behaviour' seems to interfere with pacing strategy across editions, but not sex or age group of runners.

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Are Females More Resistant to Extreme Neuromuscular Fatigue?

Cited by 69 publications

References 46 publications

Central and peripheral fatigue in knee and elbow extensor muscles after a long‐distance cross‐country ski race

Central and peripheral fatigue in knee and elbow extensor muscles after a long‐distance cross‐country ski race

The Relevance of Sex Differences in Performance Fatigability

Pacing Strategy During 24-Hour Ultramarathon-Distance Running

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