Are deficits in the equilibrium system relevant to the clinical investigation of solvent-induced neurotoxicity?

Niklasson, Magnus; Möller, Claes; Ödkvist, Lars; Ekberg, Kerstin; Flodin, Ulf; Dige, Niels; Sköldestig, Å

doi:10.5271/sjweh.200

Cited by 12 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…This could be explained by the depressant effect of solvents exposure on the CNS (White and Proctor 1997) and particularly on cortical and subcortical structures (Ameno et al 1992;Magnusson et al 1998). Moreover, exposure to solvent mixtures, by affecting especially the sensitivity and functionality of central vestibular pathways (Niklasson et al 1997;Aylott and Prasher 2002), could lead to impaired ability to manage sensory conflicts, resulting in postural instability. Moreover, signs of CNS toxicity after n-hexane inhalation in human may also be present due to other components in the inhaled mixtures, e.g., toluene (Spencer et al 1980).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effect of Chronic and Subchronic Organic Solvents Exposure on Balance Control of Workers in Plant Manufacturing Adhesive Materials

et al. 2009

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High-level occupational exposure to volatile organic solvents may elicit neurotoxic effects, especially on central and peripheral structures involved in balance ability. Studies on balance control in relation with exposure levels close to the threshold limit values are scarce. This study aimed to assess the neurotoxic effects of chronic and subchronic exposure to organic solvents among workers in plant manufacturing adhesive materials. Balance control was evaluated in 18 subjects, mainly exposed to n-hexane and toluene, with current median exposure levels of 222 and 102 mg/m(3), respectively, and a median exposure duration of 21 years, and in 32 nonexposed controls, using posturography tests with and without sensory conflicting situations. Tests were undergone at the beginning of the work shift (chronic exposure) following a week end, and after 72 h (subchronic exposure). Balance control performance was lower in chronically exposed workers compared to controls, and got worse after subchronic exposure, particularly during situations, where vestibular information was important. Our study suggests that a low-level and prolonged exposure to volatile organic solvents, mainly n-hexane and toluene, in the workplace is associated with deleterious central effects involved in postural regulation. This neurotoxicity is characterized by difficulties to use the most relevant information to control balance, leading to altered management of sensory conflicting situations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effect of Chronic and Subchronic Organic Solvents Exposure on Balance Control of Workers in Plant Manufacturing Adhesive Materials

et al. 2009

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“…And the information about the pathway or mechanism of hearing loss caused by solvents-only or combined exposure to solvents and noise could not be provided. Groups of workers with long-term occupational exposure to solvents mixtures have been evaluated with extensive audiological and vestibular tests [23][24][25] . The outcome of the audiological test batteries suggested that long-term exposure to solvents mixtures might give rise to lesions in the auditory pathways.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined Effects of Noise and Mixed Solvents Exposure on the Hearing Function among Workers in the Aviation Industry

Jeongyoun

Park

et al. 2005

Ind Health

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This study aims to evaluate the effect of occupational exposure to noise and organic solvents on hearing loss in the aviation industry. The study population comprised 542 male workers, who worked in avionics jobs in Kimhae, Korea, who kept records of work environment evaluations and medical examinations. The Cumulative Exposure Index (CEI) was constructed to assess the lifetime cumulative exposure of the workers, and pure tone audiometry(PTA) data of the workers from their biannual medical surveillance was used to assess hearing loss. The prevalence of hearing loss found in the group exposed to noise and mixed solvents simultaneously (54.9%) was higher than those in the other groups (6.0% in the unexposed, 17.1% in the noise-only, and 27.8% in the exposed to only a solvents mixture). The relative risks, adjusted for age, were estimated to be 4.3 (95% CI 1.7-10.8) for the noise-only group, 8.1 (95% CI 2.0-32.5) for the noise and solvents group, and 2.6 (95% CI 0.6-10.3) for the solvents-mixture group. These suggest that chronic exposure to mixed solvents had a toxic effect on the auditory system. This raises the issue of whether hearing conservation regulations should be applied to all workers exposed to solvents.

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“…Most papers described additional investigations for patients in whom CTE had already been diagnosed. Five articles described neurophysiological investigations such as EEG and event-related/evoked potentials [7,8,15,30,37], three audiological/otoneurological testing [21,28,31], and one genotyping of biotransformation enzymes [39]. Investigation of cerebral spinal¯uid [4,27], measurement of regional cerebral blood¯ow [7,16], and SPECT [6,13] were described in two articles.…”

Section: Retrieval Of Articlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Criteria for solvent-induced chronic toxic encephalopathy: a systematic review

Hoek¹,

Verberk²,

Hageman

2000

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

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In 1985, a WHO Working Group presented diagnostic criteria and a classification for solvent-induced chronic toxic encephalopathy (CTE). In the same year, the "Workshop on neurobehavioral effects of solvents" in Raleigh, N.C., USA introduced a somewhat different classification for CTE. The objective of this review is to study the diagnostic procedures that are used to establish the diagnosis of CTE, and the extent to which the diagnostic criteria and classification of the WHO, and the classification of the Raleigh Working Group, are applied. A systematic search of studies on CTE was performed, and the diagnostic criteria and use of the WHO and Raleigh classifications were listed. We retrieved 30 original articles published in English from 1985 to 1998, in which CTE was diagnosed. Only two articles did not report the duration of solvent exposure. The type of solvent(s) involved was described in detail in four articles, poorly in 17 articles, and not at all in nine articles. Tests of general intelligence were used in 19 articles, and tests of both attention and mental flexibility and of learning and memory were used in 18 articles. Exclusion, by interview, of potentially confounding conditions, such as somatic diseases with central nervous effects and psychiatric diseases, was reported in 21 and 16 articles, respectively. In only six of the articles were both the WHO diagnostic criteria and the WHO or Raleigh classifications used. In the future, parameters of exposure, psychological test results, and use of medication that possibly affects psychological test results should always be described. We list some advantages and disadvantages of the Raleigh and WHO classifications. To aid inter-study comparisons, the diagnosis of CTE should be categorized and reported according to an internationally accepted classification.

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Are deficits in the equilibrium system relevant to the clinical investigation of solvent-induced neurotoxicity?

Cited by 12 publications

References 19 publications

Effect of Chronic and Subchronic Organic Solvents Exposure on Balance Control of Workers in Plant Manufacturing Adhesive Materials

Effect of Chronic and Subchronic Organic Solvents Exposure on Balance Control of Workers in Plant Manufacturing Adhesive Materials

Combined Effects of Noise and Mixed Solvents Exposure on the Hearing Function among Workers in the Aviation Industry

Criteria for solvent-induced chronic toxic encephalopathy: a systematic review

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