Are deep eutectic solvents benign or toxic?

Hayyan, Maan; Hashim, Mohd Ali; Hayyan, Adeeb; AlSaadi, Mohammed Abdulhakim; AlNashef, Inas M.; Mirghani, Mohamed Elwathig Saeed; Saheed, Olorunnisola Kola

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.004

Cited by 497 publications

(324 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…), have many other advantages: they are relatively inexpensive, environmentally benign and have a very low toxicity. 61 Moreover, unlike ionic liquids, these solvents do not require a preliminary purification step. Indeed, they result from the association of a cationic salt (ammonium or more recently phosphonium) with a hydrogen-bond donor (HBD).…”

Section: Hélène Fulcrandmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of lipases as biocatalysts for the epoxidation of fatty acids and phenolic compounds

et al. 2014

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Lipases are versatile enzymes that can be used for various kinds of biocatalyzed reactions. Owing to their selectivity and their mild reaction conditions, they can be often considered as more interesting than classical chemical catalysts. Besides their application in oil and fat processes, these enzymes have proved to be very attractive for other lipase-catalyzed reactions. This review discusses the latest results where lipases are used for the epoxidation of lipid substrates (namely fatty acids and their derivatives) and phenolic compounds. This chemo-enzymatic process involves a two step synthesis where the biocatalyst acts as a perhydrolase to produce peracids, which then act as catalysts to epoxidize double bonds. Various factors govern the efficiency of the reaction in terms of kinetics, yields and enzyme stability.These parameters are evaluated and discussed herein. (Résumé d'auteur

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Section: Hélène Fulcrandmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of lipases as biocatalysts for the epoxidation of fatty acids and phenolic compounds

et al. 2014

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“…The toxicity of these natural deep eutectic solvents [24] is inexistent or very low. [25] On the contrary, their biodegradability is extraordinarily high. [26] Moreover, the atom economy of the final formation of DES is the highest one, since all initial components are included in the final mixture (Table 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep Eutectic Solvents: The Organic Reaction Medium of the Century

et al. 2016

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This microreview summarizes the use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) and related melts in Organic Synthesis. This type of solvents combine the great advantages of other proposed environmentally benign alternative solvents, such as low toxicity, high availability, low inflammability, high recyclability, low volatility and low price, avoiding many disadvantages of these neoteric media. The fact that many of the components of the mixture come directly from Nature assures their biodegradability and renewability. The classification and distribution of the reactions in different sections along this microreview, as well as the emphasis paid to their scope, easily allows a general reader to understand the actual state of art, and the great opportunities opened, not only for academic proposes but also for industry.

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“…Moreover, the use of large IL (which are expensive) (Abbott et al, 2004;Hayyan et al, 2013) to aqueous phase ratio makes the employment of these types of ILs impractical.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of cadmium ions from aqueous solution using very small ionic liquids to water ratio without metal chelator and pH modifications

Abebe¹,

Tilahun²,

Mesfine³

et al. 2017

Eth J Sci & Technol

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Solvent extraction is an energy-efficient technology which uses two immiscible phases. In this regard, solvents like hydrophobic 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate based ionic liquids have been used. The hydrophilicity of the metal ions is a challenge to use this method. Coordinating the metal ions by ligands, lowering the pH of the aqueous phase, modifying the ionic liquid itself in such a way that it can coordinate with the metal ions, employment of large ionic liquid to aqueous phase ratio (minimum of 1:1) were also the attempts made to improve the distribution coefficient of the ionic liquids. All these efforts are problematic in hindering the applications of ionic liquids in extraction. In this report, the extraction efficiencies of ionic liquids ]) from water samples containing Cd 2+ using very small ionic liquid to water ratio (1:6 and 1:12) from a solution of concentrations 0.005 mg/L with out using any coordinating agent as an extractant and the need of changing the pH are disclosed. While ionic liquids to aqueous phase ratio 1:12 demonstrated extraction efficiencies of 75%, 83.75%, 87.50% and 100%, respectively; the 1:6 ratio extracted 87.50%, 100%, 100% and 100%, respectively which shows suitability of the later ratio for better extraction. Moreover, the recyclabilities of [C 6 mim] [PF 6 ] and [C 8 mim] [PF 6 ] was investigated and the result showed that they can be used at least for five cycles. A Linear calibration curve with good coefficient of determination was obtained during the analysis for determination of the metal in the extracts.

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Are deep eutectic solvents benign or toxic?

Cited by 497 publications

References 29 publications

The use of lipases as biocatalysts for the epoxidation of fatty acids and phenolic compounds

The use of lipases as biocatalysts for the epoxidation of fatty acids and phenolic compounds

Deep Eutectic Solvents: The Organic Reaction Medium of the Century

Removal of cadmium ions from aqueous solution using very small ionic liquids to water ratio without metal chelator and pH modifications

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