Are Chondroclasts and Osteoclasts Identical?

Włodarski, K; Brodzikowska, Aniela; Kuzaka, B

doi:10.3409/fb62_2.143

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In calcified cartilage resorption, osteoclasts are sometimes referred to as “chondroclasts,” due to the substrate on which they are working. Chondroclasts and osteoclasts appear to be the same cell type based on shared features and regulatory mechanisms and osteoclasts’ capacity for resorbing mineralized cartilage (Helfrich 2003; Włodarski et al 2014).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bony lesions in early tetrapods and the evolution of mineralized tissue repair

Herbst¹,

Doube²,

Smithson³

et al. 2019

Paleobiology

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Bone healing is an important survival mechanism, allowing vertebrates to recover from injury and disease. Here we describe newly recognized paleopathologies in the hindlimbs of the early tetrapods Crassigyrinus scoticus and Eoherpeton watsoni from the early Carboniferous of Cowdenbeath, Scotland. These pathologies are among the oldest known instances of bone healing in tetrapod limb bones in the fossil record (about 325 Ma). X-ray microtomographic imaging of the internal bone structure of these lesions shows that they are characterized by a mass of trabecular bone separated from the shaft's trabeculae by a layer of cortical bone. We frame these paleopathologies in an evolutionary context, including additional data on bone healing and its pathways across extinct and extant sarcopterygians. These data allowed us to synthesize information on cell-mediated repair of bone and other mineralized tissues in all vertebrates, to reconstruct the evolutionary history of skeletal tissue repair mechanisms. We conclude that bone healing is ancestral for sarcopterygians. Furthermore, other mineralized tissues (aspidin and dentine) were also capable of healing and remodeling early in vertebrate evolution, suggesting that these repair mechanisms are synapomorphies of vertebrate mineralized tissues. The evidence for remodeling and healing in all of these tissues appears concurrently, so in addition to healing, these early vertebrates had the capacity to restore structure and strength by remodeling their skeletons. Healing appears to be an inherent property of these mineralized tissues, and its linkage to their remodeling capacity has previously been underappreciated.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bony lesions in early tetrapods and the evolution of mineralized tissue repair

Herbst¹,

Doube²,

Smithson³

et al. 2019

Paleobiology

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“…Endothelial cells are accompanied by perivascular cells and pericytes, and by mononuclear cells expressing cathepsin B, termed septoclasts (5,33,35,36). Calcified septa are resorbed by multinuclear cells called osteoclasts or chondroclasts (33,37,38). The osteoclasts extend their cell processes into the cartilage matrix and entrap the calcified cartilage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth factor profile in calcified cartilage from the metaphysis of a calf costochondral junction, the site of initial bone formation

2021

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Endochondral bone formation is orchestrated by growth factors produced by chondrocytes and deposited in the cartilage matrix. Whilst some of these factors have been identified, the complete list and their relationship remains unknown. In the present study, the growth factors were isolated from non-calcified and calcified cartilage of costochondral junctions. Cartilage dissected from the ribs of 6-20-week-old calves was purchased from a local butcher within 24 h of the death of the animal. The isolation involved hyaluronidase digestion, guanidinium hydrochloride (GuHCl) extraction, HCl decalcification and GuHCl extraction of the decalcified matrix. Growth factors were purified by heparin chromatography and their quantities were estimated using ELISA. Decalcified cartilage was also used for protein sequence analysis (data are available via ProteomeXchange; ID, PXD021781). Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7), growth/differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) and NEL-like protein-1 (NELL-1), all known growth factors that stimulate bone formation, quantitatively accounted for the majority of the material obtained in all steps of isolation. Thus, cartilage serves as a store for growth factors. During initial bone formation septoclasts release osteoclastogenesis-stimulating factors deposited in non-calcified cartilage. Osteoclasts dissolve calcified cartilage and transport the released factors required for the stimulation of osteoprogenitor cells to deposit osteoid. High concentrations of BMP-7, GDF-5 and NELL-1 at the site of initial bone formation may suggest that their synergistic action favours osteogenesis.

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“…TEM observation showed that multinucleated chondroclasts degraded mineralized cartilage matrix with no apposition of bone tissue by ruffled borders and clear zones. Similarities and differences between multinucleated osteoclasts and chondroclasts have been discussed (Wlodarski et al, 2014). From an ultrastructural standpoint in dog mandibular condylar cartilage, Sasaki et al (1996) insisted that preosteoclastic (prechondroclastic) multinucleated cells developed neither ruffled borders nor clear zones in the cartilage matrix, but once the bone layer had been deposited on the remaining cartilage, these structures formed, that is, chondroclasts cannot resorb just mineralized cartilage matrix by ruffled borders.…”

Section: Development Of the Gonial Bone With Ossification Of The Malleusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histochemical and Ultrastructural Study of Developing Gonial Bone With Reference to Initial Ossification of the Malleus and Reduction of Meckel's Cartilage in Mice

Shibata

Takahashi

Fujikawa

2019

The Anatomical Record

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Development of mouse gonial bone and initial ossification process of malleus were investigated. Before the formation of the gonial bone, the osteogenic area expressing alkaline phosphatase and Runx2 mRNA was widely recognized inferior to Meckel's cartilage. The gonial bone was first formed within the perichondrium at E16.0 via intramembranous ossification, surrounded the lower part of Meckel's cartilage, and then continued to extend anteriorly and medially until postnatal day (P) 3.0. At P0, multinucleated chondroclasts started to resorb the mineralized cartilage matrix with ruffled borders at the initial ossification site of the malleus (most posterior part of Meckel's cartilage). Almost all CD31-positive capillaries did not run through the gonial bone but entered the cartilage through the site where the gonial bone was not attached, indicating the forms of the initial ossification site of the malleus are similar to those at the secondary ossification center rather than the primary ossification center in the long bone. Then, the reducing process of the posterior part of Meckel's cartilage with extending gonial bone was investigated. Numerous tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive mononuclear cells invaded the reducing Meckel's cartilage, and the continuity between the malleus and Meckel's cartilage was completely lost by P3.5. Both the cartilage matrix and the perichondrium were degraded, and they seemed to be incorporated into the periosteum of the gonial bone. The tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini muscles were attached to the ligament extending from the gonial bone. These findings indicated that the gonial bone has multiple functions and plays important roles in cranial formation.

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Are Chondroclasts and Osteoclasts Identical?

Abstract: Brief characteristics of cells termed osteoclasts and chondroclasts are outlined and reasons to consider them as the same cell type, able to resorb calcified matrix, are discussed.

Cited by 7 publications

References 21 publications

Bony lesions in early tetrapods and the evolution of mineralized tissue repair

Bony lesions in early tetrapods and the evolution of mineralized tissue repair

Growth factor profile in calcified cartilage from the metaphysis of a calf costochondral junction, the site of initial bone formation

Histochemical and Ultrastructural Study of Developing Gonial Bone With Reference to Initial Ossification of the Malleus and Reduction of Meckel's Cartilage in Mice

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