Are central and systemic inflammation associated with fatigue in cerebral small vessel disease?

Abstract

Background Fatigue is a common symptom in cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), but its pathogenesis is poorly understood. It has been suggested that inflammation may play a role. We determined whether central (neuro) inflammation and peripheral inflammation were associated with fatigue in SVD. Methods 36 patients with moderate to severe SVD underwent neuropsychometric testing, combined PET-MRI and blood draw for analysis of inflammatory blood biomarkers. Microglial signal was taken as a proxy for neuroinflammation, assessed with radioligand 11C-PK11195. 30 subjects had full PET datasets for analysis. We assessed global 11C-PK11195 binding and hotspots of 11C-PK11195 binding in the normal appearing white matter, lesioned tissue and combined total white matter. Peripheral inflammation was assessed with serum CRP and using the Olink cardiovascular III proteomic panel, comprising 92 biomarkers of cardiovascular inflammation and endothelial activation. Fatigue was assessed using the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), the Visual Analogue Fatigue scale and a subscale of the Geriatric Depression Scale. Results Mean (SD) age was 68.7 (11.2) years, and 63.9% were male. 55.6% showed fatigue on the FSS. Fatigued participants had higher disability scores (p=0.02), higher total GDS scores (p=0.02) and more commonly reported a history of depression (p=0.04). 11C-PK11195 ligand binding in the white matter was not associated with any measure of fatigue. Serum CRP was significantly associated with average fatigue score on FSS (ρ=0.48, p=0.004); this association persisted when controlling for age, sex, disability score and depression (β=0.49, 95% CI [0.17, 2.26], p=0.03). Blood biomarkers from the Olink panel showed no association with fatigue. Conclusion In symptomatic SVD patients, neuroinflammation, assessed with microglial marker 11C-PK11195, was not associated with fatigue. We found some evidence for a role of systematic inflammation, evidenced by an association between fatigue severity and raised CRP, but further studies are required to understand this relationship and inform whether it could be therapeutically modified to reduce fatigue severity.