Are Boreal Birds Resilient to Forest Fragmentation? An Experimental Study of Short-Term Community Responses

Schmiegelow, Fiona K. A.; Machtans, Craig S.; Hannon, Susan J.

doi:10.2307/2266112

Cited by 109 publications

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“…Schmiegelow et al, 1997). A total of 406 permanent sampling stations were located within 65 sites, which we define as contiguous areas of similar forest type and age.…”

Section: Songbird and Habitat Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating resource selection functions

Boyce

Vernier

Nielsen

et al. 2002

Ecological Modelling

2,090

2,037

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A resource selection function (RSF) is any model that yields values proportional to the probability of use of a resource unit. RSF models often are fitted using generalized linear models (GLMs) although a variety of statistical models might be used. Information criteria such as the Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) or Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) are tools that can be useful for selecting a model from a set of biologically plausible candidates. Statistical inference procedures, such as the likelihood-ratio test, can be used to assess whether models deviate from random null models. But for most applications of RSF models, usefulness is evaluated by how well the model predicts the location of organisms on a landscape. Predictions from RSF models constructed using presence/absence (used/ unused) data can be evaluated using procedures developed for logistic regression, such as confusion matrices, Kappa statistics, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. However, RSF models estimated from presence/ available data create unique problems for evaluating model predictions. For presence/available models we propose a form of k -fold cross validation for evaluating prediction success. This involves calculating the correlation between RSF ranks and area-adjusted frequencies for a withheld sub-sample of data. A similar approach can be applied to evaluate predictive success for out-of-sample data. Not all RSF models are robust for application in different times or different places due to ecological and behavioral variation of the target organisms. #

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“…Schmiegelow et al, 1997). A total of 406 permanent sampling stations were located within 65 sites, which we define as contiguous areas of similar forest type and age.…”

Section: Songbird and Habitat Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There was at least 200 m between each sampling station. Details of the sampling protocol and study area can be found in Schmiegelow et al (1997).…”

Section: Songbird and Habitat Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating resource selection functions

Boyce

Vernier

Nielsen

et al. 2002

Ecological Modelling

2,090

2,037

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“…Although we found that many sophisticated and elegant experiments are conceived, no existing tests comprehensively evaluate biodiversity conservation and few tests overall are executed at scales over which forest management is applied (Table 4; Supplementary Appendix C), especially landscape scales (but see Schmiegelow et al, 1997). Reasons for lack of comprehensive experimental tests relevant to forest management are multifold and include the following:…”

Section: Empirical Supportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If welldesigned, such operational experiments can produce robust data and generalizable results of the type needed to advance ecological theory and conservation practice, respectively (Walters and Holling, 1990). Such experiments are being initiated (e.g., Schmiegelow et al, 1997;Turner et al, 1997;Monserud, 2002;Haddad et al, 2003), but the level and spatial distribution of habitat features necessary to maintain species and processes is largely unknown and poses a serious limitation in developing ecologically based silvicultural prescriptions. For example, what are the implications for biodiversity of maintaining 5, 10, or 20 snags per hectare in a random or a clumped distribution?…”

Section: Recommendation 1: Monitoring and Operational Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the conceptual tools for forest biodiversity conservation and their implementation in the U.S.

Schulte

Mitchell

Hunter

et al. 2006

Forest Ecology and Management

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While much has been written describing biodiversity, its global decline, and the need for action, the scientific underpinnings guiding conservation practice have received little attention. We surveyed 10 large-scale forest management plans in the U.S. to establish which ecological concepts are commonly used to guide forest biodiversity conservation and evaluate the relative importance of these concepts in processes related to forest stewardship. We then reviewed the scientific literature to assess the degree to which these concepts are founded in antecedent ecological theory, the extent to which they have been tested, and the limits of those tests. We found that the concepts of filters (fine, meso, and coarse), reserves, matrix management, hotspots, emulating natural disturbances, diversity begets diversity, patchworks, networks, and gradients are extensively employed in the forest planning efforts we surveyed. While most of these concepts received high utility scores, coarse filter was most commonly used, closely followed by matrix management and fine filter. A survey of the literature review suggests that all concepts have both direct and indirect relationships with foundational ecological theories, such as niches, natural selection, and island biogeography. All concepts also have some empirical support based on field tests and most have received some testing in an experimental framework. Yet, experimental tests of the concepts are far from comprehensive as, among other reasons: (1) many species are yet unknown, (2) many species are difficult to measure, (3) the occurrence of taxa that are often measured do not correspond well with the occurrence of those less frequently measured, and (4) although site conditions may be replicated, the historical and landscape contexts of each test are unique. Although we document wide use of these concepts, significant constraints hinder further incorporation into forest stewardship. Predominant among these is a lack of empirical support at the spatial and temporal scales over which forest management is implemented. Practical ways to advance conservation concepts include implementing effective, efficient monitoring protocols and establishing experimental tests in an operational context. Constructive bridges must be built between science and practitioner communities to realize these goals. RightsWorks produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted. AbstractWhile much has been written describing biodiversity, its global decline, and the need for action, the scientific underpinnings guiding conservation practice have received little attention. We surveyed 10 large-scale forest management plans in the U.S. to establish which ecological concepts are commonly used to guide forest biodiversity conservation and evaluate the relative importance of these concepts in processes related to forest stewardship. We then reviewed the scientific literature to assess the ...

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“…Few authors examined simultaneously the area and habitat fragmentation Small-scale area effect on species richness and nesting occupancy of cavity-nesting bees and wasps effects on different taxonomic groups (Robinson et al 1992). Others focused on vertebrates such as large mammals (Peacock & Smith 1997) and birds (Schmiegelow et al 1997), and only few were targeted at invertebrates, in particular to butterflies (Cappuccino & Martin 1997;Sutcliffe et al 1997). …”

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Small-scale area effect on species richness and nesting occupancy of cavity-nesting bees and wasps

Loyola¹,

Martins²

2011

Rev. Bras. entomol.

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Small-scale area effect on species richness and nesting occupancy of cavity-nesting bees and wasps. The research was conducted in an urban forest remnant in southeast Brazil. We tested the predictions of the following hypotheses: (1) larger areas present higher species richness of bees and wasps, (2) solitary bees and wasps occupy more nests in larger areas, (3) rare species occupy more nests in smaller areas. We sampled Aculeate bees and wasps using trap nests from February to November 2004. We placed trap nests in sampling units (SU) with different size (25, 100 and 400 m²) located in 6 ha of secondary mesophytic forest. One hundred and thirty-seven trap nests were occupied by seven species of bees and four species of wasps. We found an increase in wasp, but not bee species richness following increase in SU size. Hymenoptera richness (i.e. bees plus wasps) was also greater in larger SU. Both the number and density of occupied nests increased with SU size. The wasp Trypoxylon lactitarse responded significantly to area size, larger SU having more occupied nests. The same pattern was exhibited by the wasp Auplopus militaris, the Megachile bee species, and the bee Anthodioctes megachiloides. Only Trypoxylon sp. was not affected by SU size. Our results show that cavity-nesting bee and wasps respond differently to the area effects. Such findings must be complemented by information on the frequency and dynamics of area colonization and nest occupancy by species of solitary Hymenoptera.
Efeito de área em pequena escala sobre a riqueza e comportamento de nidificação de abelhas e vespas solitárias. Este trabalho foi realizado em fragmento florestal urbano localizado na região sudeste do Brasil. Foram testadas as predições das seguintes hipóteses: (1) áreas maiores apresentam maior riqueza de espécies de abelhas e vespas que nidificam em cavidades pré-existentes, (2) espécies de abelhas e vespas que nidificam em cavidades pré-existentes ocupam mais ninhos em áreas maiores, (3) espécies raras ocupam mais ninhos em áreas menores. Estes insetos foram amostrados por meio de ninhos-armadilha de fevereiro a novembro de 2004. As armadilhas foram dispostas em unidades amostrais com diferentes tamanhos (25, 100 e 400 m²), alocadas em um fragmento de floresta mesofítica de 6 ha. Cento e trinta e sete armadilhas foram ocupadas por sete espécies de abelhas e quatro espécies de vespa. Observamos um aumento na riqueza de vespas associado a uma maior área amostral; não observamos o mesmo para abelhas. A riqueza de espécies de Hymenoptera (abelhas e vespas, em conjunto) foi maior em áreas maiores. Tanto a abundância quanto a densidade de ninhos ocupados por abelhas e vespas aumentou com o aumento da unidade amostral. Trypoxylon lactitarse ocorreu mais frequentemente em áreas maiores. O mesmo padrão foi observado para Auplopus militaris, espécies do gênero Megachile e Anthodioctes megachiloides. Apenas Trypoxylon sp. não foi afetada pelo tamanho da unidade amostral. Os resultados do estudo mostram que abelhas e vespas solitárias respon...

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Are Boreal Birds Resilient to Forest Fragmentation? An Experimental Study of Short-Term Community Responses

Cited by 109 publications

References 0 publications

Evaluating resource selection functions

Evaluating resource selection functions

Evaluating the conceptual tools for forest biodiversity conservation and their implementation in the U.S.

Small-scale area effect on species richness and nesting occupancy of cavity-nesting bees and wasps

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