Are axial intervertebral disc biomechanics determined by osmosis?

Vergroesen, Pieter-Paul A.; Emanuel, Kaj S.; Peeters, Mirte; Kingma, Idsart; Smit, Theo H.

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.04.027

Cited by 39 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…A study limitation can be observed by the loss of T2 and T1rho after culture in all groups, even the PBS injected IVDs. Culture medium is hyperosmotic, but comparable to reported osmotic pressures in vivo [ 53 , 54 , 84 , 85 ]. This may still have caused slight efflux of water during culture and loading, explaining the overall loss.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Quantitative MRI in early intervertebral disc degeneration: T1rho correlates better than T2 and ADC with biomechanics, histology and matrix content

et al. 2018

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Quantitative MRI in early intervertebral disc degeneration: T1rho correlates better than T2 and ADC with biomechanics, histology and matrix content

et al. 2018

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“…This causes a faster subsidence during load (Fig 3 and 4) and a slower recovery during unloading ( Fig 5, Table 1). These findings are in agreement with data from Vergroesen et al (2017), where a reduction in osmotic gradient between disc and testing fluid also reduced creep and recovery (17). Importantly, we observed that the depressurization from a small GAG loss already affects the mechanical behavior of the discs during physiological range loading (SPL regime).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Changes in Intervertebral Disk Mechanical Behavior During Early Degeneration

Paul

Emanuel

Kingma

et al. 2018

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering

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Intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration is commonly described by loss of height and hydration. However, in the first stage of IVD degeneration, this loss has not yet occurred. In the current study, we use an ex vivo degeneration model to analyze the changes in IVDs mechanical behavior in the first phase of degeneration. We characterize these changes by stretched-exponential fitting, and suggest the fitted parameters as markers for early degeneration. Enzymatic degeneration of healthy lumbar caprine IVDs was induced by injecting 100 μL of Chondroïtinase ABC (Cabc) into the nucleus. A no-intervention and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) injected group were used as controls. IVDs were cultured in a bioreactor for 20 days under diurnal, simulated-physiological loading (SPL) conditions. Disk deformation was continuously monitored. Changes in disk height recovery behavior were quantified using stretched-exponential fitting. Disk height, histological sections, and water- and glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-content measurements were used as gold standards for the degenerative state. Cabc injection caused significant GAG loss from the nucleus and had detrimental effects on poro-elastic mechanical properties of the IVDs. These were progressive over time, with a propensity toward more linear recovery behavior. On histological sections, both PBS and Cabc injected IVDs showed moderate degeneration. A small GAG loss yields changes in IVD recovery behavior, which can be quantified with stretched-exponential fitting. Parameters changed significantly compared to control. Studies on disk degeneration and biomaterial engineering for degenerative disk disease (DDD) could benefit from focusing on IVD biomechanical behavior rather than height and water-content, as a marker for early disk degeneration.

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“…Following with the height loss was the change of biomechanical characteristic [29] and the possible compression of nerve root in intervertebral foramina [30,31], so aiming at maintaining even restoring the height is the effective treatment to solve the problem. However, a lack of effective early and mid-term treatment options to maintain the height is available with most end-stage disease treated surgically via discectomy and interbody spinal fusion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bleomycin Induces Fibrotic Transformation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells to Treat Height Loss of Intervertebral Disc Through the TGFβR1/Smad2/3 Pathway

Xiao¹,

chen²,

Chen³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Lower back pain is often accredited to loss of intervertebral disc (IVD) height and compromised spine stability as a result of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). We aim to locally use Bleomycin to induce the fibrotic transformation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) as a means to induce reparative fibrosis to slow down the height loss.Methods: IVD from patients were gathered for histological examination. The expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β) signaling pathway was determined by qPCR and western blotting. Nucleus pulposus (NP) cells, annulus fibrosus (AF) cells and the Rats’ bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC)were cultured and their responsiveness to Bleomycin was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8, comet assay, transwell migration and wound healing assays. Rat IVDD models were created by puncture, rescued by Bleomycin injection and the effectiveness was evaluated by images (X-ray and MRI) and atomic force microscope.Results: Histological examination showed increased levels of pro-fibrotic markers in IVDD tissues from patients. AF cells and BMSC cells was induced to adopt to a pro-fibrotic phenotype with increased expression fibrotic markers Col1a1, Col3a1, FSP1. The pro-fibrotic effect of Bleomycin on AF cells and BMSCs was in part due to the activation of the TGFβ-TGFβR1-SMAD2/3 signaling pathway. Pharmacological inhibition or gene knock-down of TGFβR1 could mitigate the pro-fibrotic effects. Conclusion: Locally injection of Bleomycin in rats’ IVD induced rapid fibrosis and maintained its height through TGFβ-TGFβR1-SMAD2/3 signaling pathway.

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Are axial intervertebral disc biomechanics determined by osmosis?

Cited by 39 publications

References 33 publications

Quantitative MRI in early intervertebral disc degeneration: T1rho correlates better than T2 and ADC with biomechanics, histology and matrix content

Quantitative MRI in early intervertebral disc degeneration: T1rho correlates better than T2 and ADC with biomechanics, histology and matrix content

Changes in Intervertebral Disk Mechanical Behavior During Early Degeneration

Bleomycin Induces Fibrotic Transformation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells to Treat Height Loss of Intervertebral Disc Through the TGFβR1/Smad2/3 Pathway

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