Are Any Changes in Carotid Intima–Media Thickness Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Among Adult Bantu Central African Hypertensive Patients from Monkole and Biamba Marie Mutombo Hospitals?

Abstract

Background Several classic/traditional risk factors are associated with intima–media thickness (IMT), a novel risk of cardio metabolic risk (CMR) in the literature but not in Kinshasa, a megacity prone to CMR. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate potential correlations between inflammation, kidney function, psychological stress, hemodynamics, and changes in IMT. Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out between 2018 and 2021 within Monkole and Biamba Marie Mutombo Hospitals, respectively, and randomly selected from 10 health structures from East and West of Kinshasa, Capital of Democratic Republic Congo (DRC). A random sample of adult hypertensive Bantu Central Africans was examined after bivariate correlations and multiple linear regression. Results Out of 280 patients with 140 men and 140 women aged 62 ± 11 years, the mean carotid intima–media thickness (CIMT) was 1.06 ± 0.5 mm and 73% (n = 204) patients had uncontrolled hypertension. After controlling for confounders, 52.9% variations (R2) of CIMT were independently and significantly (P = 0.037) predicted by CRP, 24-hour proteinuria, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, duration of hypertension, heart rate, hip circumference, and psychological stress with Equation Y = 0.717 + 0.87 × CRP + 0.02 × 24 H – proteinuria + 0.005 × urinary albumin/creatinine ratio + 0.05 × duration of hypertension + 0.001 × heart rate + 0.006 × hip circumference + 0.017 × psychological stress. Conclusion There is an urgent need to control inflammation, impaired renal function, cardiac rhythm, peripheral obesity, longer duration of hypertension management, and stress, which are emerging as specific novel determinants of the subclinical atherosclerosis for those Bantu Central African hypertensive patients.

Association of Serum Cystatin C Level With Carotid Arterial Wall Elastic Resistance as a Potential Marker for Detection of Early Stage Atherosclerosis

“…The present study was carried out to evaluate whether serum cystatin C level is linked with diagnosis of early-stage atherosclerosis. We analyzed the association between subjects with established CVD risk factors and patients with CIMT ≤0.8mm, who are classified as not having atherosclerosis according to the IMT criteria [ 20 - 21 ]. The phased tracking method was assessed to calculate carotid artery elastic modulus.…”