Are Accelerometer-based Functional Outcome Assessments Feasible and Valid After Treatment for Lower Extremity Sarcomas?

Abstract

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The Contribution of Machine Learning in the Validation of Commercial Wearable Sensors for Gait Monitoring in Patients: A Systematic Review

“…After an initial screening, which consisted of reviewing all article titles and abstracts, the full content of 102 of these articles was screened in more detail for eligibility. After removing the articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria detailed in Section 2.3 , 70 articles were deemed eligible for the review [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , …”

“…Therefore, in Table 1 , we only report the ranges of acquisition times that go from hours to years. Among the selected studies, as displayed in Figure 3 , 33% (N = 25) focused on neurodegenerative diseases [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 39 , 44 , 50 , 54 , 55 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 61 , 63 , 70 , 72 , 77 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 86 , 90 , 92 , 94 , 98 , 103 ], 24% (N = 18) focused on orthopedic disorders [ 34 , 47 , 52 , 59 , 65 , 71 , 73 , 75 , 76 , 78 , 83 , 85 , 89 , 91 , 96 , 97 , 99 , 101 ], 24% (N = 18) focused on diseases of vascular origin [ 40 , 43 , 45 , 48 , 49 , 51 , 52 <...>…”

“…of the papers collected their data in laboratory conditions (N = 53)[34-45,47-49, 54,56-58,60,61,63-65,67-73,75,76,78-85,87-92,95,97,99-102], while a smaller part collected data in free living conditions (N = 17)[46,50,51,59,77,85,86,96,103] (see Table1).Regarding the positioning of sensors and/or devices (Table4), 60% of the studies placed them on an inferior part of the body[35][36][37]40,47-49,52-58,60,62,63,67,70,71,73-76,78-81,83,85,87,88,90-92,95-100,102,103], generally on the feet (N = 14) or on the hips (N = 6). The chest was also widely used (49%) [34,37-39,44,48,50,54-56,59-61,64,65,67, 70,72,73,75,77,79,83,84,89,90,92-95,97,99,101,102]; 17% of the studies carried out sensor positioning on the hands and arms [38,40,46,48,52,63,66,67,77,80,82,90,102], while the other 17% used a trouser or jacket pocket [42,43,45,50,51,59,68,70,77,86,89,103] Frequency of sensor locations reported on the patient from the included studies.…”

“…The chest was also widely used (49%) [34,37-39,44,48,50,54-56,59-61,64,65,67, 70,72,73,75,77,79,83,84,89,90,92-95,97,99,101,102]; 17% of the studies carried out sensor positioning on the hands and arms [38,40,46,48,52,63,66,67,77,80,82,90,102], while the other 17% used a trouser or jacket pocket [42,43,45,50,51,59,68,70,77,86,89,103] Frequency of sensor locations reported on the patient from the included studies. These different locations were classified into the four categories described in Section 2.6. ,40,43-46,48-51,54-59,62,65-67,71,72,74-78,82-97,99,102], which can be correlated to the high use of smartphones (in the studies reviewed; see Table 3) that already compute this type of features on the device.A significative part of the studies (28%) used medium-level features[34,38,42,45,47,52,53,59,61,63,64,[68][69][70]73,79,98,101,103], while low-level features (raw data) are much less exploited (8%)[41,60,61,80,81,100].…”

“…[35][36][37][38][39]41,44,46,47,50,51,53,54,56,58,59,64,66,71,[75][76][77][78][79]81,[83][84][85][86][90][91][92][93][94]96,97,[101][102][103], others use annotations made by experts on data from videos or measurements during the experiment[37,38,40,43,48,52,55,63,67,70,74,80,…”