Arctic Report Card 2020: The MOSAiC Expedition: A Year Drifting with the Arctic Sea Ice

Shupe, Matthew D.; Rex, Markus; Dethloff, Klaus; Damm, Ellen; Fong, Allison A.; Gradinger, R.; Heuzé, Céline; Loose, Brice; Макаров, А. А.; Maslowski, Wieslaw; Nicolaus, Marcel; Perovich, D. K.; Rabe, Benjamin; Rinke, Annette; Sokolov, V.; Sommerfeld, Anja

doi:10.25923/9g3v-xh92

Cited by 36 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…In addition to multi-decadal records, observational capabilities now provide near-real time monitoring of the Arctic, elevating the episodic nature and interconnectedness of the region to the forefront of Arctic research. Detailed process-oriented observations reveal how sea ice, ocean and atmosphere interact and which processes shape the surface energy budget (SEB; e.g., Uttal et al, 2002;Shupe et al, 2020). Since 1960, the Arctic has warmed faster than any other region of the planet (Figure 1).…”

Section: Observational Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Process Drivers, Inter-Model Spread, and the Path Forward: A Review of Amplified Arctic Warming

et al. 2022

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Arctic amplification (AA) is a coupled atmosphere-sea ice-ocean process. This understanding has evolved from the early concept of AA, as a consequence of snow-ice line progressions, through more than a century of research that has clarified the relevant processes and driving mechanisms of AA. The predictions made by early modeling studies, namely the fall/winter maximum, bottom-heavy structure, the prominence of surface albedo feedback, and the importance of stable stratification have withstood the scrutiny of multi-decadal observations and more complex models. Yet, the uncertainty in Arctic climate projections is larger than in any other region of the planet, making the assessment of high-impact, near-term regional changes difficult or impossible. Reducing this large spread in Arctic climate projections requires a quantitative process understanding. This manuscript aims to build such an understanding by synthesizing current knowledge of AA and to produce a set of recommendations to guide future research. It briefly reviews the history of AA science, summarizes observed Arctic changes, discusses modeling approaches and feedback diagnostics, and assesses the current understanding of the most relevant feedbacks to AA. These sections culminate in a conceptual model of the fundamental physical mechanisms causing AA and a collection of recommendations to accelerate progress towards reduced uncertainty in Arctic climate projections. Our conceptual model highlights the need to account for local feedback and remote process interactions within the context of the annual cycle to constrain projected AA. We recommend raising the priority of Arctic climate sensitivity research, improving the accuracy of Arctic surface energy budget observations, rethinking climate feedback definitions, coordinating new model experiments and intercomparisons, and further investigating the role of episodic variability in AA.

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Section: Observational Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Process Drivers, Inter-Model Spread, and the Path Forward: A Review of Amplified Arctic Warming

et al. 2022

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“…It consisted of a widespread low pressure anomaly exceeding −10 hPa in amplitude, which occupied the eastern half of the Arctic Ocean (see Figure 5a in Lawrence et al, 2020), thus resembling our composite anomaly patterns for strong MCAOs shown in Figure 4. In fact, both February and In parallel to these events, the MOSAiC campaign over the Central Arctic sea ice took place (Shupe et al, 2020). These unique observations during the 2019/2020 MCAO season are of rare nature and potentially provide Following the wording of Kanno et al (2015), this process of "charging" the inner Arctic with cold air masses is followed by episodical "discharge" events, when that air mass is dynamically distributed to lower latitudes in the form of MCAOs.…”

Section: A Year Of New Records: 2020mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold Air Outbreaks in Fram Strait: Climatology, Trends, and Observations During an Extreme Season in 2020

2022

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The polar seas in the Arctic realm play an important role for the coupled climate system. A key region for airsea interactions and transport processes is Fram Strait, the passage between Greenland and Svalbard in the high latitude North Atlantic. Especially in the cold seasons, its open water areas are characterized by comparably high sea surface temperatures (SSTs), that are in sharp contrast to much lower temperatures over the Arctic sea ice in the north (Serreze et al., 2011). Substantial atmospheric variability is caused by large scale atmospheric circulation patterns, in particular via the passage of Arctic cyclones. They drive regional meridional advection, that may lead to warm and moist air intrusions from lower latitudes into the Arctic (Kim et al., 2017;Woods & Caballero, 2016). Vice versa, southward discharges of cold and dry central Arctic air across the ice edge over the open water can lead to excessive cold spells, a phenomenon referred to as MCAOs. Marine cold air outbreaks receive attention because they typically impose strong vertical temperature gradients in the lower troposphere over the Nordic seas that reduce stability, cause incisive sensible and latent energy fluxes from the ocean to the atmosphere, and can result in anomalously deep and convective boundary layers (

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“…In this respect, the MOSAiC expedition is an unprecedented opportunity to obtain homogeneous in-situ observations over the central Arctic Ocean (Shupe et al, 2020). As a year-round field expedition using the German research icebreaker Polarstern, the MOSAiC expedition provided massive in-situ observations over the central Arctic Ocean from September 2019 to October 2020.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of thermodynamic and dynamic contributions to sea ice growth in the Central Arctic using ICESat-2 and MOSAiC SIMBA buoy data

Koo

Lei

Cheng

et al. 2021

Remote Sensing of Environment

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Arctic Report Card 2020: The MOSAiC Expedition: A Year Drifting with the Arctic Sea Ice

Cited by 36 publications

References 0 publications

Process Drivers, Inter-Model Spread, and the Path Forward: A Review of Amplified Arctic Warming

Process Drivers, Inter-Model Spread, and the Path Forward: A Review of Amplified Arctic Warming

Cold Air Outbreaks in Fram Strait: Climatology, Trends, and Observations During an Extreme Season in 2020

Estimation of thermodynamic and dynamic contributions to sea ice growth in the Central Arctic using ICESat-2 and MOSAiC SIMBA buoy data

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