Arctic mid-winter phytoplankton growth revealed by autonomous profilers

Randelhoff, Achim; Lacour, Léo; Marec, Claudie; Leymarie, Édouard; Lagunas, José; Xing, Xiaogang; Darnis, Gérald; Penkerc’h, Christophe; Sampei, Makoto; Fortier, Louis; D’Ortenzio, Fabrizio; Claustre, Hervé; Babin, Marcel

doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc2678

Cited by 43 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…comm. ), Green Edge (Oziel et al, 2019;Randelhoff et al, 2019), ICESCAPE (Arrigo et al, 2012), N-ICE (Assmy et al, 2017), SUBICE (Arrigo et al, 2017)] as well as the deployment of new monitoring technologies Hill et al, 2018;Mayot et al, 2018;Boles et al, 2020;Randelhoff et al, 2020) and directed modeling efforts (e.g., Palmer et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2015;Horvat et al, 2017;Lowry et al, 2018;Kinney et al, 2020). In this paper, we attempt to provide the state of the art of our knowledge of UIBs, by focusing on their ecology and environmental control, but also their regional specificities (in terms of occurrence, magnitude, and assemblages), which are shaped by the complexity of the rapidly changing Arctic physico-chemical environment.…”

Section: Historical Perspective: Under-ice Blooms An Overlooked Phenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These BGC-Argo core variables are quantified with operational and robust sensors, as well as with new and under development technologies (e.g., a miniaturized version of the Underwater Vision Profiler, Lombard et al, 2019; an underwater sea-ice detection sensor based on laser polarimetry, Lagunas et al, 2018). Recently, it has become possible to deploy BGC-Argo floats into seasonally ice-covered Arctic areas to study UIBs (Mayot et al, 2018;Randelhoff et al, 2020). While operating beneath the sea-ice cover, profiling floats collect vertical profiles of key biogeochemical variables, and transmit data after surfacing in open water.…”

Section: Box 1: New Technologies: More Insights On Under-ice Biogeochmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Under-Ice Phytoplankton Blooms: Shedding Light on the “Invisible” Part of Arctic Primary Production

et al. 2020

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The growth of phytoplankton at high latitudes was generally thought to begin in open waters of the marginal ice zone once the highly reflective sea ice retreats in spring, solar elevation increases, and surface waters become stratified by the addition of sea-ice melt water. In fact, virtually all recent large-scale estimates of primary production in the Arctic Ocean (AO) assume that phytoplankton production in the water column under sea ice is negligible. However, over the past two decades, an emerging literature showing significant under-ice phytoplankton production on a pan-Arctic scale has challenged our paradigms of Arctic phytoplankton ecology and phenology. This evidence, which builds on previous, but scarce reports, requires the Arctic scientific community to change its perception of traditional AO phenology and urgently revise it. In particular, it is essential to better comprehend, on small and large scales, the changing and variable icescapes, the under-ice light field and biogeochemical cycles during the transition from sea-ice covered to ice-free Arctic waters. Here, we provide a baseline of our current knowledge of under-ice blooms (UIBs), by defining their ecology and their environmental setting, but also their regional peculiarities (in terms of occurrence, magnitude, and assemblages), which is shaped by a complex AO. To this end, a multidisciplinary approach, i.e., combining expeditions and modern autonomous technologies, satellite, and modeling analyses, has been used to provide an overview of this pan-Arctic phenological feature, which will become increasingly important in future marine Arctic biogeochemical cycles.

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Section: Historical Perspective: Under-ice Blooms An Overlooked Phenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Box 1: New Technologies: More Insights On Under-ice Biogeochmentioning

confidence: 99%

Under-Ice Phytoplankton Blooms: Shedding Light on the “Invisible” Part of Arctic Primary Production

et al. 2020

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“…Downwelling irradiances at various wavelengths have been implied in the analysis of the bio-optical behavior of the global ocean [ 4 ] and the dynamics of dissolved organic matter [ 5 , 6 ], and for the validation of space-based ocean color measurements and products [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Besides, E d and PAR have been widely used to understand particulate organic carbon fluxes and export [ 14 , 15 , 16 ], to study phytoplankton dynamics [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ], and to improve numerical and radiative-transfer models [ 26 , 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correction of Biogeochemical-Argo Radiometry for Sensor Temperature-Dependence and Drift: Protocols for a Delayed-Mode Quality Control

Jutard¹,

Organelli

Briggs

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Measuring the underwater light field is a key mission of the international Biogeochemical-Argo program. Since 2012, 0–250 dbar profiles of downwelling irradiance at 380, 412 and 490 nm besides photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) have been acquired across the globe every 1 to 10 days. The resulting unprecedented amount of radiometric data has been previously quality-controlled for real-time distribution and ocean optics applications, yet some issues affecting the accuracy of measurements at depth have been identified such as changes in sensor dark responsiveness to ambient temperature, with time and according to the material used to build the instrument components. Here, we propose a quality-control procedure to solve these sensor issues to make Argo radiometry data available for delayed-mode distribution, with associated error estimation. The presented protocol requires the acquisition of ancillary radiometric measurements at the 1000 dbar parking depth and night-time profiles. A test on >10000 profiles from across the world revealed a quality-control success rate >90% for each band. The procedure shows similar performance in re-qualifying low radiometry values across diverse oceanic regions. We finally recommend, for future deployments, acquiring daily 1000 dbar measurements and one night profile per year, preferably during moonless nights and when the temperature range between the surface and 1000 dbar is the largest.

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“…Indeed, the PAR observations acquired in high sampling frequency provide a comprehensive picture of the vertical distribution of phytoplankton chlorophyll over the different layers in the euphotic zone (surface layer, mixed layer, and deep chlorophyll maximum layer) (Mignot et al, 2014;Lacour et al, 2017Lacour et al, , 2019Barbieux et al, 2019;Ricour et al, 2021). Gaining such dynamic illustration of the light gradient, including the critical depth of the upper euphotic mixed layer, revealed the magnitude and timing of blooms occurring in otherwise inaccessible locations in different seasons (Randelhoff et al, 2020). However, with respect to phytoplankton diversity, these ecological events are still in demand for a monitoring in terms of pigment groups or functional types (Kutser, 2009), for which multispectral data provide not enough spectral resolution.…”

Section: Exploitation Of the Radiometric Data Obtained From Argomentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiometry on Argo Floats: From the Multispectral State-of-the-Art on the Step to Hyperspectral Technology

Jemai¹,

Wollschläger²,

Voß³

2021

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Over the past two decades, robotic technology such as Argo floats have revolutionized operational autonomous measurement of the oceans. Recently, Biogeochemical Argo floats (BGC-Argo floats) have measured optical and biogeochemical quantities down to a depth of 2,000 m. Among these parameters, are measurements of the underwater light field from which apparent optical properties (AOPs), such as the diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance Kd(λ), can be derived. Presently, multispectral observations are available on this platform at three wavelengths (with 10–20 nm bandwidths) in the ultraviolet and visible part of the spectrum plus the Photosynthetically Available Radiation (PAR; integrated radiation between 400 and 700 nm). This article reviews studies dealing with these radiometric observations and presents the current state-of-the-art in Argo radiometry. It focus on the successful portability of radiometers onboard Argo float platforms and covers applications of the obtained data for bio-optical modeling and ocean color remote sensing. Generating already high-quality datasets in the existing configuration, the BGC-Argo program must now investigate the potential to incorporate hyperspectral technology. The possibility to acquire hyperspectral information and the subsequent development of new algorithms that exploit these data will open new opportunities for bio-optical long-term studies of global ocean processes, but also present new challenges to handle and process increased amounts of data.

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Arctic mid-winter phytoplankton growth revealed by autonomous profilers

Cited by 43 publications

References 60 publications

Under-Ice Phytoplankton Blooms: Shedding Light on the “Invisible” Part of Arctic Primary Production

Under-Ice Phytoplankton Blooms: Shedding Light on the “Invisible” Part of Arctic Primary Production

Correction of Biogeochemical-Argo Radiometry for Sensor Temperature-Dependence and Drift: Protocols for a Delayed-Mode Quality Control

Radiometry on Argo Floats: From the Multispectral State-of-the-Art on the Step to Hyperspectral Technology

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