Arctic charr brain transcriptome strongly affected by summer seasonal growth but only subtly by feed deprivation

Abstract

Background The Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus ) has a highly seasonal feeding cycle that comprises long periods of voluntary fasting and a short but intense feeding period during summer. Therefore, the charr represents an interesting species for studying appetite-regulating mechanisms in fish. Results In this study, we compared the brain transcriptomes of fed and feed deprived charr over a 4 weeks trial during their summer feeding season. Despite prominent differences in body condition between fed and feed deprived charr at the end of the trial, feed deprivation affected the brain transcriptome only slightly. In contrast, the transcriptome differed markedly over time in both fed and feed deprived charr, indicating strong shifts in basic cell metabolic processes possibly due to season, growth, temperature, or combinations thereof. The GO enrichment analysis revealed that many biological processes appeared to change in the same direction in both fed and feed deprived fish. In the feed deprived charr processes linked to oxygen transport and apoptosis were down- and up-regulated, respectively. Known genes encoding for appetite regulators did not respond to feed deprivation. Gene expression of Deiodinase 2 ( DIO2 ), an enzyme implicated in the regulation of seasonal processes in mammals, was lower in response to season and feed deprivation. We further found a higher expression of VGF (non-acronymic) in the feed deprived than in the fed fish. This gene encodes for a neuropeptide associated with the control of energy metabolism in mammals, and has not been studied in relation to regulation of appetite and energy homeostasis in fish. Conclusions In the Arctic charr, external and endogenous seasonal factors for example the increase in temperature and their circannual growth cycle, respectively, evoke much stronger responses in the brain than 4 weeks feed deprivation. The absence of a central hunger response in feed deprived charr give support for a strong resilience to the lack of food in this high Arctic species. DIO2 and VGF may play a role in the regulation of energy homeostasis and need to be further studied in seasonal fish. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5874-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Genomic dynamics of brown trout populations released to a novel environment

“…The highest F ST ‐values for these non‐synonymous SNPs are found when comparing introduced population A to the three other populations. Ten gene models are predicted (Table ), of which two regulate metabolism in other salmonids; LOC106602895 which encodes the protein transcription factor Sox‐19a‐like and is downregulated in food‐deprived Arctic charr ( S. alpinus ; Striberny et al, 2019) and FOXO1 , a transcription factor involved in metabolic regulation of food intake in Rainbow trout (Conde‐Sieira et al, 2018). An additional gene candidate described in salmonids is FAXDC2 , which regulates fatty acid synthesis in Atlantic salmon exposed to different experimental diets (Caballero‐Solares et al, 2018).…”

The Role of the Thyroid Axis in Fish

“…Pituitary transcript expression levels of TSH and DIO exhibit distinct rhythms. In red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus ), seasonal rhythms of T 4 correlate with pituitary TSH subunits (TSHα, TSHβ) and DIO3 gene expression cycles ( 74 ), and in Arctic charr, hypothalamic DIO2 expression is decreased during late summer ( 75 ). In fish, there is evidence that the saccus vasculosus (SV, an organ only observed in fish, situated on the ventral side of the diencephalon, posterior to the pituitary gland) is the seasonal sensor in the brain.…”

Parallel selection on ecologically relevant gene functions in the transcriptomes of highly diversifying salmonids

“…Among these genes, some were found to be directly linked to differences in bone development [e.g., ‘paired like homeodomain 1’ and ‘cathepsin K precursor’) [100–102]. We speculate that these developmental process genes may be relevant in the extreme morphological diversity that can be found among closely related Coregonus species and particularly Salvelinus species [90, 100–104].…”