Archives of Environmental Protection

Siwiec, Tadeusz; Reczek, Lidia; Michel, Magdalena M.; Gut, Beata; Hawer-Strojek, Paulina; Czajkowska, Justyna; Jóźwiakowski, Krzysztof; Gajewska, Magdalena; Bugajski, Piotr

doi:10.24425/aep.2018.122296

Cited by 2 publications

References 13 publications

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Assessment of statistical methods for converting biochemical oxygen demand and carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand to total organic carbon in wastewater

Brose

Pluth

Grunwald

et al. 2022

Water & Environment J

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The 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ) and carbonaceous BOD 5 (CBOD 5 ) tests are widely used parameters for monitoring wastewater. Total organic carbon (TOC) has many advantages over these tests. Wastewater utilities have conducted studies to modify National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits to allow TOC analysis; however, statistical methods vary across studies. This study examined parametric and nonparametric correlation and parametric, nonparametric, and nonlinear regression methods for analysing BOD 5 , CBOD 5 , and TOC concentrations collected for 1 year from seven wastewater treatment plants from the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. Spearman ρ correlation and Theil-Sen regression on log-transformed concentrations were the most appropriate methods. Correlation coefficients were 0.83 or greater and regression residuals were as small as or smaller than the other two methods. This study demonstrated that nonparametric methods performed best for analysing non-normal data in seeking to incorporate TOC analysis into NPDES reporting.

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Assessment of statistical methods for converting biochemical oxygen demand and carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand to total organic carbon in wastewater

Brose

Pluth

Grunwald

et al. 2022

Water & Environment J

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show abstract

Archives of Environmental Protection

Czajkowska¹,

Malarski²,

Siwiec³

2019

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The complexity and uncontrolled formation of struvite (MgNH 4 PO 4 •6H 2 O) and its deposition in the technological equipment of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are still the subject of research aimed at understanding the causes and proposing a remedial action. In order to reduce the intensity of the precipitation of struvite in wastewater treatment plants, it is recommended, among others, to limit fl ow velocity to below 1.5 m•s -1 . Literature analysis showed that there are no studies on the precipitation of struvite deposits in pipelines. Most studies focus on the deliberate precipitation of struvite, for example phosphorus recovery, resulting in a molar ratio of 1:1:1 (NH 4 + :PO 4 3-:Mg 2+ ). In fact, in WWTPs, such concentrations do not occur, but there have been cases of the precipitation of this mineral (and its mixtures) in the sludge parts. In this paper, the study aimed at determining conditions for the precipitation of deposits with a signifi cant participation of struvite on the inner walls of steel pipes. The study was conducted at a non-stoichiometric concentration of ingredients at different pH values, as well as under dynamic conditions with fl ow velocity below 1.5 m•s -1. A mathematical formula (ANOVA) that can be used to determine the mass of deposits in relation to the concentration of ammonium, phosphate, pH and fl ow velocity was developed. Computational models were developed on to investigate struvite precipitation under different pH levels (8.0-9.5) and ionic concentrations. The studies were carried out on solutions containing ammonium (NH 4 + ), phosphate (PO 4 3-), and magnesium (Mg 2+ ), at a fl ow velocities of 0.4, 0.9 and 1.4 m•s -1 . In order to determine the mathematical formula thanks to which the mass of precipitates can be determined, a special pilot study installation was constructed. The XPS surface analysis of sludge from sewage treatment plants showed a similar composition of compounds with sediments obtained in own research. The presence of struvite was suggested, but the share of atomic percentage of bonds to which struvite was classifi ed is small and amounts to less than 4%. This means that sediments precipitated in the technological installations are a mixture of various compounds of which pure struvite may constitute only a small part.

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Archives of Environmental Protection

Cited by 2 publications

References 13 publications

Assessment of statistical methods for converting biochemical oxygen demand and carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand to total organic carbon in wastewater

Assessment of statistical methods for converting biochemical oxygen demand and carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand to total organic carbon in wastewater

Archives of Environmental Protection

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