Architectures and Synchronization Techniques for Distributed Satellite Systems: A Survey

Abstract

Cohesive Distributed Satellite Systems (CDSSs) is a key enabling technology for the future of remote sensing and communication missions. However, they have to meet strict synchronization requirements before their use is generalized. When clock or local oscillator signals are generated locally at each of the distributed nodes, achieving exact synchronization in absolute phase, frequency, and time is a complex problem. In addition, satellite systems have significant resource constraints, especially for small satellites, which are envisioned to be part of the future CDSSs. Thus, the development of precise, robust, and resource-efficient synchronization techniques is essential for the advancement of future CDSSs. In this context, this survey aims to summarize and categorize the most relevant results on synchronization techniques for Distributed Satellite Systems (DSSs). First, some important architecture and system concepts are defined. Then, the synchronization methods reported in the literature are reviewed and categorized. This article also provides an extensive list of applications and examples of synchronization techniques for DSSs in addition to the most significant advances in other operations closely related to synchronization, such as inter-satellite ranging and relative position. The survey also provides a discussion on emerging data-driven synchronization techniques based on Machine Learning (ML). Finally, a compilation of current research activities and potential research topics is proposed, identifying problems and open challenges that can be useful for researchers in the field.

Trusted Autonomous Operations of Distributed Satellite Systems Using Optical Sensors

“…ISL makes up for the lack of robustness in the DSS, which results in an increase in the amount of data exchanged and communication that takes place on-board the satellite in the DSS. Liz Martinez et al [ 31 ] provide the various strategies that are suited for DSSs. ISL can be classified as a (1) ring, (2) star, (3) mesh, and (4) hybrid configuration depending on the communication linkages that are established between the DSS.…”

“…These topologies are depicted in Figure 3 , with the ISL represented by the arrows. Liz Martinez et al provide a wide range of solutions in their article [ 31 ] that are ideal for DSSs. Communication by radio frequency, also known as RF, is a form of transmission that is used in wireless networks more commonly than any other method.…”

Network Simulators for Satellite-Terrestrial Integrated Networks: A Survey

“…Compared with other LEO constellations that are mainly operated by private companies and with limited public information, e.g., Telesat and OneWeb, Starlink is becoming increasingly popular in the literature as a reference for numerical simulations due to the sufficient information revealed in FCC filings provided by SpaceX 17 . As a comparison, more ground network topologies are publicly available, e.g., the China Education and Research Network (CERNET) and Abilene Network.…”

“…To the best of our knowledge, existing surveys of network simulators for STINs are very rare or have a very limited scope. Most existing surveys of satellite communication systems have focused on network architecture or specific technologies, e.g., satellite-terrestrial integration architecture [14], positioning, navigation, and timing systems with LEO satellites [15], cross-layer architecture design for space-air-ground-integrated vehicular networks [16] and synchronization techniques for distributed satellite systems [17]. Some existing surveys have focused on the development of satellite-terrestrial integrated IoTs, e.g., architecture and challenges in large-scale and heterogeneous satellite-terrestrial integrated IoTs [5], massive access techniques in space-based IoTs [6] and space-terrestrial IoT integration and deployment techniques [7].…”

Hybrid Task Scheduling Algorithm Considering Game Model in Distributed System

“…Among them, Britain, the United States and other countries have developed and applied the theoretical model to solve practical problems to a certain extent. In recent years, with the continuous change of the international economic environment and the acceleration of the process of information socialization affecting the production and operation activities of enterprises involving multiple decision makers, it is considered that the number understanding method in the game needs to meet some conditions in the solution process to obtain the optimal results [5][6]. Some scholars have studied the game model.…”