Architecture of a gain controller in the pursuit system

Keating, E. Gregory; Pierre, Andrew J.

doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(96)89078-4

Cited by 22 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This internal gain modulation depends of the context of the task (Keating and Pierre, 1996;Krauzlis and Miles, 1996;Tanaka and Lisberger, 2000) and the behavioral conditions (Churchland and Lisberger, 2002). It has been shown recently that the internal gain of smooth pursuit could be altered anticipatively before target motion onset, depending on the probability of target motion (Tabata et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Do Primates Anticipate Uncertain Future Events?

Hemptinne

Nozaradan²,

Duvivier³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

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The timing of an upcoming event depends on two factors: its temporal position, proximal or distal with respect to the present moment, and the unavoidable stochastic variability around this temporal position. We searched for a general mechanism that could describe how these two factors influence the anticipation of an upcoming event in an oculomotor task. Monkeys were trained to pursue a moving target with their eyes. During a delay period inserted before target motion onset, anticipatory pursuit responses were frequently observed. We found that anticipatory movements were altered by the temporal position of the target. Increasing the timing uncertainty associated with the stimulus resulted in an increase in the width of the latency distribution of anticipatory pursuit. These results show that monkeys relied on an estimation of the changing probability of target motion onset as time elapsed during the delay to decide when to initiate an anticipatory smooth eye movement.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Do Primates Anticipate Uncertain Future Events?

Hemptinne

Nozaradan²,

Duvivier³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

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“…Some previous studies showed that the gain during ongoing pursuit increased depending on the target/eye velocity (Keating and Pierre 1996;FIG. 12. Dependency of the perturbation response on POD (centrifugal perturbation).…”

Section: Velocity Dependency Of the Preparatory Gain Modulationmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…These results suggest that the pursuit system possesses a mechanism that can modulate the gain of visuomotor transmission depending on the ongoing eye movement-fixation or pursuit-and that the gain modulation depends on the eye/target velocity. Further, it was previously reported that the gain is influenced by cognitive factors such as context and expectation (Keating and Pierre 1996;Krauzlis and Miles 1996;Tanaka and Lisberger 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Preparatory Gain Modulation of Visuomotor Transmission for Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements in Monkeys

Tabata¹,

Miura²,

Taki³

et al. 2006

Journal of Neurophysiology

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It has been reported that the visuomotor processing underlying the initiation of smooth pursuit eye movement is modulated in relation to the recent experience of eye movements: the initial pursuit eye velocity is larger after experiencing repeated pursuits than saccades. To assess which parameters of the previously executed pursuits play an essential role in modulating the gain of visuomotor transmission, we recorded the ocular responses of monkeys to a brief perturbing motion of the tracking target injected before the start of the eye movements. First, we compared the perturbation responses among the blocks in which the duration of executing pursuit was varied. We found that the response amplitude increased with the increase of the pursuit duration and it reached a plateau level at 100–200 ms of the duration. Second, a comparison of the perturbation responses in the blocks in which target velocity was different showed a gradual increase of the response as a function of the required pursuit velocity. Third, when the animals repeatedly performed pursuits, the response amplitude gradually increased with increasing interval between the appearance of the target and the onset of perturbation. On the other hand, such an increase was not observed when the animals repeatedly performed saccades. These results suggest that before initiating eye movements, the pursuit system modulates the gain of visuomotor transmission so as to be closely related to the properties of the repeatedly experienced eye movements and this gain modulation is triggered by the target’s appearance.

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“…Pursuit theorists have generally posited the existence of a "pursuit switch" to explain the increased sensitivity to velocity signals during pursuit compared with fixation (Robinson, 1965;Grasse and Lisberger, 1992;Keating and Pierre, 1996). This switch is thought to increase the gain of the transformation of visual signals to motor output (Tanaka and Lisberger, 2001).…”

Section: Fpamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The location of this switch or gain controller in the brain has been proposed to be the FPA (Tanaka and Lisberger, 2001), because lesions to the FPA produce behavioral effects that could be consistent with "jamming-open" of the switch (Lynch, 1987;Keating, 1991). Specifically, FPA lesions abolish anticipatory pursuit (Keating, 1991;MacAvoy et al, 1991) in which the intent to pursue is thought to close the pursuit switch (Keating and Pierre, 1996). Furthermore, lesions of the FPA reduce the gain of pursuit initiation and maintenance (Keating, 1991(Keating, , 1993Morrow and Sharpe, 1995;Lekwuwa and Barnes, 1996).…”

Section: Fpamentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Frontal Oculomotor Regions during Smooth Pursuit

Gagnon¹,

Paus²,

Grosbras³

et al. 2006

J. Neurosci.

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Both the frontal eye fields (FEFs) and supplementary eye fields (SEFs) are known to be involved in smooth pursuit eye movements. It has been shown recently that stimulation of the smooth-pursuit area of the FEF [frontal pursuit area (FPA)] in monkey increases the pursuit response to unexpected changes in target motion during pursuit. In the current study, we applied transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the FPA and SEF in humans during sinusoidal pursuit to assess its effects on the pursuit response to predictable, rather than unexpected, changes in target motion. For the FPA, we found that TMS applied immediately before the target reversed direction increased eye velocity in the new direction, whereas TMS applied in mid-cycle, immediately before the target began to slow, decreased eye velocity. For the SEF, TMS applied at target reversal increased eye velocity in the new direction but had no effect on eye velocity when applied at mid-cycle. TMS of the control region (leg region of the somatosensory cortex) did not affect eye velocity at either point. Previous stimulation studies of FPA during pursuit have suggested that this region is involved in controlling the gain of the transformation of visual signals into pursuit motor commands. The current results suggest that the gain of the transformation of predictive signals into motor commands is also controlled by the FPA. The effect of stimulation of the SEF is distinct from that of the FPA and suggests that its role in sinusoidal pursuit is primarily at the target direction reversal.

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Architecture of a gain controller in the pursuit system

Cited by 22 publications

References 25 publications

How Do Primates Anticipate Uncertain Future Events?

How Do Primates Anticipate Uncertain Future Events?

Preparatory Gain Modulation of Visuomotor Transmission for Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements in Monkeys

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Frontal Oculomotor Regions during Smooth Pursuit

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