Architectural Models Enabled Dynamic Optimization for System-of-Systems Evolution

Abstract

System of Systems (SoS) is designed to deliver value to participant stakeholders in a dynamic and uncertain environment where new systems are added and current systems are removed continuously and on their own volition. is requires effective evolution management at the SoS architectural level with adequate support of process, methods, and tools. is paper follows the principle of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) and develops a holistic framework integrating MBSE conceptual representations and approximate dynamic programming (ADP) to support the SoS evolution. e conceptual models provide a common architectural representation to improve communication between various decision makers while the dynamic optimization method suggests evolution planning decisions from the analytical perspective. e Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) models using Systems Modeling Language (SysML) are used as MBSE artifacts to connect with ADP modeling elements through DoDAF metamodels to increase information traceability and reduce unnecessary information loss. Using a surface warfare SoS as an example, this paper demonstrates and explains the procedures of developing DoDAF models, mapping DoDAF models to ADP elements, formulating ADP formulation, and generating evolutionary decisions. e effectiveness of using ADP in supporting evolution to achieve a near-optimal solution that can maximize the SoS capability over time is illustrated by comparing ADP solution to other alternative solutions. e entire framework also sheds light on bridging the DoDAF-based conceptual models and other mathematical optimization methods.