n 1980 the mobile cellular era started. Mobile communications has experienced enormous growth during the last ten years. First-generation mobile systems such as AMPS, TACS, and NMT using analog transmission for speech services were introduced in the early '80s. Second-generation systems, which use digital transmission, were introduced in the late 1980s. Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Personal Digital Cellular (PDC), IS-136, and IS-95 are second-generation systems. The services offered by these systems cover speech and low-bit-rate data. The second-generation systems will further evolve toward third-generation systems to offer more advanced services such as medium-bit-rate (up to 100 kb/s) circuit-and packet-switched data. These evolved systems are referred to as generation 2.5.