Archetypes and Gender: Goddesses, Warriors, and Psychological Health

Enns, Carolyn Zerbe

doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1994.tb01724.x

Cited by 20 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…However, as Lott (1981) argued, androgyny theory's continued reliance on traditional notions of femininity and masculinity served to reify the very distinction that it sought to blur. In fact, the very labeling of certain qualities as feminine or masculine encourages people to view human characteristics dichotomously, which can lead to selective perception and distortions of the actual behaviors of women and men (Enns, 1994).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twenty-Five Years After the Bem Sex-Role Inventory: A Reassessment and New Issues Regarding Classification Variability

Hoffman

Borders

2001

Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development

210

112

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Respondents' Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI; S. L. Bem, 1974) classifications may differ considerably on the basis of the form and scoring method used. The BSRI was reexamined with respect to past and present relevance. Article: The 1970s heralded a new concept in masculinity and femininity research: the idea that healthy women and men could possess similar characteristics. Androgyny emerged as a framework for interpreting similarities and differences among individuals according to the degree to which they described themselves in terms of characteristics traditionally associated with men (masculine) and those associated with women (feminine; Cook, 1987). Although the term androgyny was not new, having its roots in classical mythology and literature (andro = male, gyne = female), the 1970s marked a resurgence of the word's popularity as a means to represent a combination of stereotypically "feminine" and stereotypically "masculine" personality traits. The Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974) was designed to facilitate empirical research on psychological androgyny. For the past quarter of a century, the BSRI has endured as the instrument of choice among researchers investigating gender role orientation (Beere, 1990). Since its development in 1974, the BSRI has been widely used but also widely criticized. Ironically, early criticisms of the BSRI have contributed to its becoming even more well known as a masculinity-femininity measure and, consequently, used even more by researchers. In fact, it seems that the BSRI has been repeatedly used without sufficient attention to its theoretical framework (Frable, 1989); without clear and deliberate thought to the research questions being studied (Gilbert, 1985); and, as we argue, perhaps also without as thorough an understanding of the instrument as would be advisable. It is interesting and salient that, after 25 years, Bem (1998) disclosed in her autobiography that she was not adequately prepared to develop this instrument and has been shocked by how popular it became and remains today. This honest admission clearly helps to explain some of the issues regarding this widely used instrument. The purpose of this article is threefold. The primary purpose is to explore the extent of variability among respondents' BSRI classifications (i.e., feminine, masculine, androgynous, and undifferentiated) depending on which form of the instrument (Original or Short) and which of the two scoring methods are used (i.e., mediansplit or hybrid [this latter scoring method uses both the median-split and the individual's Femininity-minus-Masculinity scores]). Both scoring methods are described in the test manual (Bem, 1981a) and are equally recommended by Bem. Classification variability has not been examined in previous research, a surprising observation given both the degree of attention that the BSRI has received since its inception and the emphasis researchers place on these classification categories in interpreting results of studies using this instrument. The second purpose is to reexamin...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twenty-Five Years After the Bem Sex-Role Inventory: A Reassessment and New Issues Regarding Classification Variability

Hoffman

Borders

2001

Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development

210

112

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“…dove and cherub) or other perspectives, such as Jungian archetype theory. For example, abstract themes such as engulfment or archetypal images such as the whale, witch, ogre, dragon (Carr 2002), or goddesses and warriors (Enns 1994). Furthermore, future research…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sinfully decadent: priming effects of immoral advertising symbols on indulgence

2020

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This research introduces an immorality-indulgence priming effect, whereby the presence of immorality symbols (i.e., devil, hell, serpent) versus morality symbols (i.e., angel, heaven, saint) in advertising increase consumer indulgence. Study 1 examines the priming effect of morality symbols on indulgent consumption, controlling for religiosity and belief in afterlife. Study 2 and Study 2b investigate the role that activation of mental representations of rebelliousness has in explaining the immorality-indulgence effect. Study 3 explores the role of immorality symbols on actual indulgent choices. Findings from Study 1 indicate that immorality symbols prime consumer indulgence. Study 2 provides evidence of rebelliousness as the process influencing indulgent product choice (indulgent intention, Study 2b), while ruling out the alternative explanation of imagemessage congruence. Study 3 provides evidence that immorality symbols increase actual indulgent behavior. This research has important implications for advertisers in the development of advertisements that can influence indulgent behaviors.

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“…Then their ego conscious stagnated and wounds were regenerated, which meant that they were free from their symptoms caused by the conflicts between the internal psyche and outside world. These archetypes have been engraved by endless repetition into our psyche constitution (Enns, 1994) and they are ready to help our ego conscious. Then the ego conscious was revitalized by the experience and connected with the Self.…”

Section: Jungian Sandplay Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%