Archaeal S-Layers: Overview and Current State of the Art

Rodrigues-Oliveira, Thiago; Belmok, Aline; Vasconcellos, Deborah; Schuster, Bernhard; Kyaw, Cynthia Maria

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02597

Cited by 88 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 186 publications

(249 reference statements)

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“…The structure of the S-layer in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius has been studied in great detail over the past thirty-five years. Electron microscopy analysis of the isolated cell wall sacculi in S. acidocaldarius revealed it was mainly composed of a single glycoprotein (known as the SlaA now), which was thought to exhibit a p6 symmetry (2) but was later confirmed to a p3 symmetry in this organism (20) and other studied Sulfolobus species (13). It is now well-known that the S-layer is composed of two glycosylated proteins, SlaA (~120 kDa) and SlaB (~45 kDa) in Sulfolobales (21-23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Electron microscopy-based analyses of isolated proteinaceous S-layers in archaea revealed that they were organized as a highly regular two-dimensional lattice structure that displayed p2, p3, p4, and p6 symmetry depending on different species (9, 13). Moreover, it has been shown that the S-layer proteins in all studied archaea undergo post-translational modifications such as O-and N-glycosylation whereas the latter type is more prevalent (9, 11, 14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Revealing S-layer Functions in the Hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeon Sulfolobus islandicus

Zhang

et al. 2018

Preprint

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36The crystalline surface layer (S-layer), consisting of two glycoproteins SlaA and SlaB, is 37 considered to be the exclusive component of the cell envelope outside of the cytoplasmic 38 membrane in Sulfolobus species. Although biochemically and structurally characterized, the S-39 layer in vivo functions remain largely elusive in Archaea. Here, we investigate how the S-layer 40 genes contribute to the S-layer architecture and affect cellular physiology in a crenarchaeal 41 model, Sulfolobus islandicus M.16.4. Electron micrographs of mutant cells lacking slaA or both 42 slaA and slaB confirm the absence of the outermost layer (SlaA), whereas cells with intact, 43 partially, or completely detached SlaA are observed for the ΔslaB mutant. Importantly, we 44 identify a novel S-layer-associated protein M164_1049, which does not functionally replace its 45 homolog SlaB but likely assists SlaB to stabilize SlaA. Additionally, we find that mutants 46 deficient in SlaA form large cell aggregates and the individual cell size varies significantly. The 47 slaB gene deletion also causes noticeable cellular aggregation, but the size of those aggregates 48 is smaller when compared to ΔslaA and ΔslaAB mutants. We further show the ΔslaA mutant 49 cells exhibit more sensitivity to hyperosmotic stress but are not reduced to wild-type cell size. 50Finally, we demonstrate that the ΔslaA mutant contains aberrant chromosome copy numbers 51 not seen in wild-type cells where the cell cycle is tightly regulated. Together these data suggest 52 that the lack of slaA results in either cell fusion or irregularities in cell division. Our studies 53 provide novel insights into the physiological and cellular functions of the S-layer in Archaea. 55Significance 56Rediscovery of the ancient evolutionary relationship between archaea and eukaryotes has 57 revitalized interest in archaeal cell biology. Key to understanding the archaeal cell is the S-58 layer which is ubiquitous in Archaea but whose in vivo function is unknown. In this study, we 59 genetically dissect how the two well-known S-layer genes as well as a newly identified S-layer-60 associated-protein-encoding gene contribute to the S-layer architecture in a hyperthermophilic 61 crenarchaeal model S. islandicus. We provide genetic evidence for the first time showing that 62 the slaA gene is a key cell morphology determinant and may play a role in Sulfolobus cell 63 division or cell fusion.64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72The primary interface between the cell and its environment is a multi-functional cellular 73 envelope. Comprised in this structure in some bacterial and most archaeal cells is a 74 proteinaceous 2D-crystalline matrix coating the outside of the cell called the surface layer (S-75 layer). Despite its broad distribution in cells from two domains, a generalized function of the 76 S-layer has not been identified. One unifying concept suggests the S-layer functions as an 77 exoskeleton that interacts with other proteins in the cell membrane to coordinate diverse 78 internal and externa...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revealing S-layer Functions in the Hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeon Sulfolobus islandicus

Zhang

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…Furthermore, the longevity of these stabilized membranes has been strengthening by recrystallization of these proteins on the top of the previously generated SsLM [63]. These membranes mimic the supramolecular assembling principle of archaeal envelopes as archaea are composed of cytoplasmic membrane and a closely associated S-layer as exclusive wall component [64].…”

Section: Surface Layer Proteins Based Biomimmetic Membranesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The utilization of recombinant surface layer proteins in the emulsomes also includes the diverse functional domains that may have potential applications in nanobiotechnology [64]. The literature possessing their translational applicability has been supported by various research studies.…”

Section: ) Emulsomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Surface Layer Proteins: From Moonlighting to Biomimetics: A New Horizonto Lead

Gaur¹,

Sharma²,

Singhal³

2018

ABB

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The landmark discovery of moonlighting proteins embarks the significant progress in understanding the biological complexity and their closed-circuit analysis. The growing continuum in the variety of moonlighting functions paved the way for further elucidation of structural-functional aspects of protein evolution and design of proteins with novel functions. Currently, the moonlighting functions in various adhesive properties of surface layer proteins, an essential component of cell surface architecture of archaea and all phylogenetic groups of eubacteria become more prominently recognized. The remarkable credentials of surface layer proteins to self-assemble into supramolecular structures at nano-scale dimension have been exploited for the production of smart biomaterials in the form of biomimetics has been thrust area of research. The finely tuned topological features in terms of shape, size, geometry and surface chemistry of surface layer proteins are crucial for the production of biomimetics. The current developments of biomimetic lipid bilayers and composite membranes find applicability in understanding the functional dynamism of evolutionary relationship of bacterial cell envelopes and vaccine development, drug development and drug delivery. Though the development of biomimetics embraces fascination but faces with technological challenges. The plethora of literature has been available for the moonlighting aspects and nano-technological applications separately but none of the review describes towards the rhythmic transition from moonlighting functions of surface layer proteins of bacteria to biomimetics development and applications. Therefore, this review describes certain basic aspects of moonlighting functions and their mechanism of action, surface layer proteins and their moonlighting functions of commensal bacteria and their transition towards biomimetics. The recent developments of biomimetics based on surface layer proteins have been summarized and also posited different chal-

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“…In both bacteria and eukaryotes, a multitude of growth modes have been characterized, with cells inserting new envelope material almost all along the cell surface (2), bipolarly (3), unipolarly (4), and in some cases, different modes can be interchangeable (5,6). In the case of archaea, which lack a peptidoglycan cell wall, glycosylated S-layer and other proteins are commonly the sole component of the cell envelope (7,8), where they typically show a 2D crystal-like arrangement. This poses an interesting problem for archaeal surface protein organization, and currently there is no data about the mechanisms of archaeal cell elongation control (9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipid Anchoring of Archaeosortase Substrates and Mid-Cell Growth in Haloarchaea

Halim

Schulze

DiLucido

et al. 2019

Preprint

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The archaeal cytoplasmic membrane provides an anchor for many surface proteins. Recently, a novel membrane anchoring mechanism involving a peptidase, archaeosortase A (ArtA) and C-terminal lipid attachment of surface proteins was identified in the model archaeon Haloferax volcanii. ArtA is required for optimal cell growth and morphogenesis, and the S-layer glycoprotein (SLG), the sole component of the H. volcanii cell wall, is one of the targets for this anchoring mechanism. However, how exactly ArtA function and regulation control cell growth and mor-phogenesis is still elusive. Here, we report that archaeal homologs to the bacterial phosphatidylserine synthase (PssA) and phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (PssD) are involved in ArtA-dependent protein maturation. H. volcanii strains lacking either HvPssA or HvPssD exhibited motility, growth and morphological phenotypes similar to those of ∆artA. Moreover, we showed the loss of covalent lipid attachment to SLG in the ∆hvpssA mutant and that proteolytic cleavage of the ArtA substrate HVO_0405 was blocked in the ∆hvpssA and ∆hvpssD strains. Strikingly, ArtA, HvPssA, and HvPssD GFP-fusions co-localized to the mid position of H. volcanii cells, strongly supporting that they are involved in the same pathway. Finally, we have shown that the SLG is also recruited to the mid cell prior to being secreted and lipid-anchored at the cell outer surface. Collectively, our data suggest haloarchaea use the mid cell as the main surface processing hotspot for cell elongation, division and shape determination.

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Archaeal S-Layers: Overview and Current State of the Art

Cited by 88 publications

References 186 publications

Revealing S-layer Functions in the Hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeon Sulfolobus islandicus

Revealing S-layer Functions in the Hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeon Sulfolobus islandicus

Bacterial Surface Layer Proteins: From Moonlighting to Biomimetics: A New Horizonto Lead

Lipid Anchoring of Archaeosortase Substrates and Mid-Cell Growth in Haloarchaea

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