Arch Length and Palatal Rugae: An Adjunct in Gender Discrimination

Mittal, Sanjay; Vyas, P. R.; Bhullar, Mandeep; Singla, Divya; Aggarwal, Isha; Hassan, Rameez

doi:10.1055/s-0040-1701145

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Our study did not reveal a significant difference with regard to gender, which is contradictory to literature where a moderate discrimination with respect to gender has been identified in the number, length, size and direction of the rugae [ 11 – 26 ]. However, the studies did not take into account the posterior extension.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Distal extension of palatal rugae as a limitation for donor soft tissue grafts in a Jordanian population: A cross-sectional study

Said

Khalid²,

Farook

2021

BMC Oral Health

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Background The purpose of the cross sectional study was to investigate the distal extension of the rugae area in a Jordanian (Middle Eastern) population, as an anatomical limitation influencing the surgical decision of harvesting a palatal soft tissue graft. Factors that may influence or predict the extension were also assessed. Methods Sixty periodontally healthy participants (29 males and 31 females) were included. Maxillary alginate impressions were made and casts were poured. The measurements were highlighted from the origin of the rugae (near mid palatine raphe) to the terminal end with a sharp graphite pencil on the cast and a magnification lens was used for identification. The most posterior extension of the rugae were marked on the casts and determined by a standardized periodontal probe. The normal approximation test for binomial distribution was used to determine the proportion of the subjects with rugael extensions beyond the mesial end of the upper second premolar and fisher’s exact test for the purpose of analysis of the association of this extension with other factors. Results In almost half (41.7%) of the sample, the rugae extended distal to the upper second premolar, 23.3% extended to the mid-palatal of the upper second premolar, and 11.7% extended to the mesial of the upper second premolar. The implication is that 90.0% of the rugae reached the upper second premolar and 78.3% extended beyond its mesial aspect. The normal approximation test performed with 95% CI with the "rugael extension proximal to the mesial end of the upper 2nd premolar" considered to be the "success" category revealed that the proportion of the subjects with rugael extensions proximal to the mesial end of the upper second premolar was significantly lower than the proportion beyond the mesial end of the upper second premolar (95% CI of 11.2–32.0%, p = .00001). There was no significant difference between gender, smoking status, gingival phenotype and palatal shape with the posterior extension of palatal rugae. Conclusions Palatal rugae in a sample of a Jordanian population extends beyond the mesial aspect of the upper second premolar which may cause a substantial limitation for graft harvesting from the palate. The hard palate of Jordanian patients may not be a reliable source of soft tissue grafts required for aesthetic mucogingival surgery. No significant association existed between the most posterior extent of palatal rugae and gender, gingival phenotype or palatal shape. Other possible sources should be explored.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Distal extension of palatal rugae as a limitation for donor soft tissue grafts in a Jordanian population: A cross-sectional study

Said

Khalid²,

Farook

2021

BMC Oral Health

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“…Contrary to the literature suggesting moderate gender differences in the number, length, size, and direction of rugae, the current study found no significant correlation concerning gender [28,45]. However, the studies did not account for the posterior extension of palatal rugae.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

The Posterior Extension of the Palatal Rugae as an Anatomical Constraint for Soft Tissue Grafts in a Saudi Arabian Population

Alshammari¹,

Farook²,

Alyahya³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate the distal extension of the palatal rugae area as an anatomical constraint on the harvesting of palatal soft tissue grafts in a Saudi Arabian population. Additionally, factors that could affect or predict the extension were considered. MethodsThree hundred seventy-four (374) dental casts from Saudi nationals currently residing in Riyadh (170 males and 204 females) were included. Two independent observers used a standardized probe to measure the posterior extent of the rugae on each stone cast bilaterally on a horizontal base. A sharp graphite pencil was used to mark the measurements from the origin of the rugae to their terminal ends on the cast, and a magnification lens was used to identify them. Using this technique, the most posterior extension of the rugae was marked and then analyzed. The normal approximation test for binomial distribution was used to determine the proportion of the subjects with rugael extensions beyond the mesial end of the upper second premolar, and logistic regression was used to see the association of this extension with other factors. ResultsThe asymptotic chi-squared (p = 0.0002) McNemar tests revealed that the posterior distal extension of the rugae was not the same on both sides. A normal approximation test for the left side with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with the "rugael extension proximal to the mesial end of the upper second premolar" category considered "success" found that the proportion of upper second premolars with rugael extensions proximal to the mesial end was not significantly different to the proportion of rugael extensions beyond the mesial end of the upper second premolars (95% CI: 48.69%-58.79%, p = 0.147).Conversely, the proportion of the upper second premolars with rugael extensions proximal to the mesial end was significantly lower than that beyond the mesial end on the right (95% CI: 35.92%-45.89%, p = 0.00004). Gender, age, and palatal shape did not significantly affect the posterior extension of palatal rugae. ConclusionsThe palatal rugae on the left side of a sample of the Saudi Arabian population do not considerably extend beyond the upper second premolar mesial aspect, which may provide reliable soft tissue grafts for esthetic mucogingival surgery.

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“…When rugae patterns of both the groups were compared, the results were found to be statistically significant p < 0.05. 16 , and circular (0.03 ± 0.17) patterns. There were no statistically significant differences in the wavy, curve, and circular shape of palatal rugae between males and females.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Gender Difference in Palatal Rugae Patterns Among Adult Bengali Population in Chattogram

Sumaiya,

Ashrafuzzaman,

Begum

et al. 2022

J Chittagong Med Coll Teachers Ass

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Background: The anatomical fold on the front portion of the hard palate is known as the palatal rugae. They are distinct and do not change during life, making them perfect for use as an identification tool when other options are unavailable. The aim of our study is to determine gender differences in palatal rugae pattern among the Bengali population in Chattogram of Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A total of 200 Bengali male (100) and female (100) populations aged 18 years and above were studied. The data was assessed based on the Thomas and Kotze classification. The student's t-test was used to compare all quantitative data. Results: Curved and straight type palatal rugae were significantly higher (p < 0.05, p < 0.001 respectively) in males than females. Wavy and circular type palatal rugae were higher in females than males and the difference was significant (p < 0.001, p < 0.05 respectively). The female exhibited a higher converging palatal rugae p > 0.05. The male exhibited a higher diverging palatal rugae p < 0.001. Conclusion: The Bengali population of Chattogram has a distinctive pattern and sexual diversity of palatal rugae. That can be used to reliably identify subjects and gender differences in the Bengali population. JCMCTA 2022 ; 33 (1) : 82-87

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Arch Length and Palatal Rugae: An Adjunct in Gender Discrimination

Cited by 4 publications

References 11 publications

Distal extension of palatal rugae as a limitation for donor soft tissue grafts in a Jordanian population: A cross-sectional study

Distal extension of palatal rugae as a limitation for donor soft tissue grafts in a Jordanian population: A cross-sectional study

The Posterior Extension of the Palatal Rugae as an Anatomical Constraint for Soft Tissue Grafts in a Saudi Arabian Population

Gender Difference in Palatal Rugae Patterns Among Adult Bengali Population in Chattogram

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