Arc melting Kroll zirconium sponge

Miller, G.L.

doi:10.1016/s0042-207x(54)80006-6

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Zirconium has two allotropic forms, α, which is hexagonal close packed and stable up to 862°C, and β, which is body centred cubic and stable between 862°C and the melting point, 1852±2°C. The research history of the α→β transition is comprehensively described by Miller, 31,32 who also collated the lattice constants and co-ordination numbers (CN) given below β, a = 0·361 nm at 862°C, CN = 8.…”

Section: Zirconium: the Physical Statementioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of zirconium in microalloyed steels: A review

Baker

2015

Materials Science and Technology

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Recently there has been a renewed interest in the addition of zirconium to microalloyed steels. It has been used since the early 1920's, but has never been universally employed, as have niobium, titanium or vanadium. The functions of zirconium in steelmaking are associated with a strong chemical affinity, in decreasing order, for oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and carbon. Historically, the main use of additions of zirconium to steel was for combination preferentially with sulphur and so avoid the formation of manganese sulphide, known to have a deleterious influence of the impact toughness of wrought and welded steel. Modern steelmaking techniques have also raised the possibility that zirconium additions can reduce the austenite grain size and increase dispersion strengthening, due to precipitation of zirconium carbonitrides, or in high nitrogen vanadium-zirconium steels, vanadium nitride. This review gathers information on the compounds of zirconium identified in steels together with crystallographic data and solubility equations. Also brief accounts of the role of sulphides and particles in general on austenite grain size control and toughness are included.

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Section: Zirconium: the Physical Statementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was discovered as the oxide, zirconia, in the silicate mineral zircon by Klaproth in 1789 and was first isolated in an impure form by Berzelius in 1824. 31,32…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of zirconium in microalloyed steels: A review

Baker

2015

Materials Science and Technology

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“…Due to the sponge-like structure, some frozen salt is inserted into the final metallic product. Several methods are available for metal/salt separation: the van Arkel process [25], the arc melting method [26] or the distillation under vacuum [27]. The pyrovacuum distillation could be envisaged and has been recently applied by Kapoor et al [28] for the purification of zirconium produced in chloride salts.…”

Section: Product Characterisation After Direct Reduction Runsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct electroreduction of oxides in molten fluoride salts

Gibilaro

Pivato

Cassayre

et al. 2011

Electrochimica Acta

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Newly developed active braze powders based on commercial nickel brazes using zirconium as active element for joining ceramic to metal

Bobzin¹,

Schläfer²,

Kopp³

et al. 2010

Materialwissenschaft Werkst

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Schlüsselwörter: Aktivlöten / mechanisches Legieren / Nickelbasislote / Zirkon / Aluminiumoxidkeramik / The increased requirements of highly stressed components, concerning the resistance to thermal-induced stresses, oxidation, corrosion, hardness as well as wear resistance make high-performance technical ceramics ideally suited for such applications. On the other hand they exhibit properties like high brittleness, partly low thermal shock resistance, low workability and consequential limitations in the engineering design. Hybrid material concepts, as combination of highperformance technical ceramics and metallic engineering materials, can offer interesting technological solutions, if suitable and joining technologies are available. Active brazing, which is a very flexible joining technology in respect of the material selection, arises for the development of new and innovative applications, such as high-temperature fuel cells. Currently silver/copper, copper and silver active brazing filler metals are already used in the industry and are characterised by a decrease of their mechanical strength at approx. 500 8C. Referring to this, gold and palladium ac- tive brazing filler metals show better features, but because of their high price, they are seldom used. The aim of the reported investigations is the development of active brazing filler metals with reasonable raw materials costs for working temperatures above 500 8C and moreover to be used in hydrocarbonated environments with better corrosion-resistance than silver/copper, copper and silver active brazing filler metals. Experimental brazing filler metals with zirconium as surface-active element has been manufactured on the basis of nickel brazing filler metals NI 102, NI 105 and NI 107. The modification of each nickel brazing filler metal was carried out on the one hand by powder metallurgy, whereby zirconium hydride has been mixed or mechanically alloyed. On the other hand the nickel brazing filler metals have been alloyed with zirconium by melting metallurgy. The content of active metal varied between 2 weight-% and 10 weight-%. For the characterisation, the melting range of all experimental brazing filler metals has been determined by thermoanalytical methods and the ones, which have been manufactured by powder metallurgy, have been investigated by means of an x-ray diffraction analysis and a morphological analysis of the powder particles. The suitability of the experimental brazing filler metals for the active brazing has been probed in wetting tests on alumina in high-vacuum brazing trials and examined metallographically.Keywords: active brazing / mechanical alloying / nickel brazing filler metals / zirconium / alumina ceramic / 1 Einleitung

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Arc melting Kroll zirconium sponge

Cited by 6 publications

References 2 publications

Role of zirconium in microalloyed steels: A review

Role of zirconium in microalloyed steels: A review

Direct electroreduction of oxides in molten fluoride salts

Newly developed active braze powders based on commercial nickel brazes using zirconium as active element for joining ceramic to metal

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