Arc-induced Long Period Gratings in standard and speciality optical fibers under mixed neutron-gamma irradiation

Stăncălie, Andrei; Esposito, Flavio; Ranjan, Rajeev; Bleotu, P.; Campopiano, Stefania; Iadicicco, Agostino; Sporea, Dan

doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16225-4

Cited by 30 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The design and characterization of such a sensor has been presented and discussed in our previous paper [ 31 ]. Briefly, we focused the attention on LPG technology, since it has been employed in several physical, chemical, and biological applications [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. It consists of a periodic perturbation, with period of hundreds of μm, in the refractive index and/or the geometry of the optical fiber [ 39 , 40 , 41 ].…”

Section: Development Of the Gas Monitoring Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquefied Petroleum Gas Monitoring System Based on Polystyrene Coated Long Period Grating

Esposito

Zotti

Palumbo

et al. 2018

Sensors

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In this work, we report the in-field demonstration of a liquefied petroleum gas monitoring system based on optical fiber technology. Long-period grating coated with a thin layer of atactic polystyrene (aPS) was employed as a gas sensor, and an array comprising two different fiber Bragg gratings was set for the monitoring of environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity. A custom package was developed for the sensors, ensuring their suitable installation and operation in harsh conditions. The developed system was installed in a real railway location scenario (i.e., a southern Italian operative railway tunnel), and tests were performed to validate the system performances in operational mode. Daytime normal working operations of the railway line and controlled gas expositions, at very low concentrations, were the searched realistic conditions for an out-of-lab validation of the developed system. Encouraging results were obtained with a precise indication of the gas concentration and external conditioning of the sensor.

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Section: Development Of the Gas Monitoring Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquefied Petroleum Gas Monitoring System Based on Polystyrene Coated Long Period Grating

Esposito

Zotti

Palumbo

et al. 2018

Sensors

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“…Mostly, EAD is a valuable approach when considering new fiber designs, with the aim of offering new perspectives in sensing applications [ 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ]. On this line of argument, the fabrication of LPGs was achieved in optical fibers with different dopants, including: Al-doped and Al/Er-codoped [ 59 ], N-doped and S-doped [ 45 ], P-doped [ 60 , 61 ], pure-silica core with F-doped cladding [ 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ], and radiation resistant [ 66 , 67 ] fibers. The fiber dopants play a vital role in changing the fiber physical and optical properties, such as the refractive index contrast, absorption/emission bands, melting properties, and so on.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, an immediate implication is the possibility to strengthen or soften the fiber behavior towards radiations. Extensive studies have been reported in [ 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 ], concerning the radiation effects on commercially available silica-based optical fibers and unconventional ones doped with cerium, aluminum, erbium, fluorine, nitrogen, and phosphorus. In particular, the high radiation sensitivity of P-doped fibers, with respect to standard Ge-doped fibers, makes them suitable for radiation dosimetry [ 74 , 75 , 76 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, the high radiation sensitivity of P-doped fibers, with respect to standard Ge-doped fibers, makes them suitable for radiation dosimetry [ 74 , 75 , 76 ]. On the contrary, pure-silica core fibers have been proven to show very low radiation sensitivity and thus the devices written in these fibers have been studied for applications in ionizing radiation environments [ 62 , 67 , 77 ]. These are just few of the examples remarking how the fabrication of sensors in fibers having different physical properties, represents a fundamental step for further success of fiber optic sensing technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Arc-Induced Long Period Gratings from Standard to Polarization-Maintaining and Photonic Crystal Fibers

Esposito

Ranjan

Campopiano

et al. 2018

Sensors

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In this work, we report about our recent results concerning the fabrication of Long Period Grating (LPG) sensors in several optical fibers, through the Electric Arc Discharge (EAD) technique. In particular, the following silica fibers with both different dopants and geometrical structures are considered: standard Ge-doped, photosensitive B/Ge codoped, P-doped, pure-silica core with F-doped cladding, Panda type Polarization-maintaining, and Hollow core Photonic crystal fiber. An adaptive platform was developed and the appropriate “recipe” was identified for each fiber, in terms of both arc discharge parameters and setup arrangement, for manufacturing LPGs with strong and narrow attenuation bands, low insertion losses, and short length. As the fabricated devices have appealing features from the application point of view, the sensitivity characteristics towards changes in different external perturbations (i.e., surrounding refractive index, temperature, and strain) are investigated and compared, highlighting the effects of different fiber composition and structure.

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“…Recently, the effects of mixed neutron and gamma flux on the spectral and sensing response of arc-induced LPGs fabricated in various optical fibers have been presented in 25 , showing that radiations cause only a slight change of the temperature sensitivity of the devices. Combining these experimental results with a numerical model, the same authors provided an estimation of the effect of γ-irradiation in terms of variation of the optical fiber refractive index, clearly depending on the fiber type and composition, for doses up to several hundreds of kGy 25,26 .The radiation field at HL-LHC will be characterized by the presence of both leptons and hadrons of different kind, masses and energies. Protons seem to be better candidates to simulate the combined effect of Total Ionizing Dose (TID) and Displacement Damage (DD), typical of this field.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of uncoated LPGs written in B-Ge doped fiber under proton irradiation for sensing applications at CERN

Berruti

Vaiano

Quero

et al. 2020

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In this contribution, a complete dissertation concerning the behavior of a Long Period Grating (LPG) inscribed in a B-Ge co-doped optical fiber by means of an excimer laser and exposed to proton irradiation during a recent extensive campaign performed at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) with a fluence of 4.4·10 15 p·cm −2 is provided. The experimental results have been thus combined for the first time to the best of our knowledge with numerical simulations in order to estimate the variations of the major parameters affecting the grating response during the ultra-high dose proton exposure. From the correlation between experimental and numerical analysis, the irradiation exposure was found to induce a maximal variation of the core effective refractive index of ~1.61·10 −4 , responsible of a resonance wavelength red shift of ~44 nm in correspondence of the highest absorbed radiation dose of 1.16 MGy. At the same time, a relevant decrease close to ~0.93·10 −4 in the refractive index modulation pertaining to the grating was estimated, leading to a reduction of the resonant dip visibility of ~12 dB. The effect of the proton beam on the spectral response of the LPG device and on the optical fiber parameters was assessed during the relaxation phases, showing a partial recovery only of the wavelength shift without any relevant change in the dip visibility revealing thus a partial recovery only in the refractive index of the core while the reduction of the refractive index modulation observed during the irradiation remained unchanged.www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ 5 %RH, i.e. where both miniaturized capacitive sensors and polyimide coated FBGs substantially lose accuracy. Nevertheless, to assess their possible application in the new generation of detectors foreseen within the HL-LHC project, a clear understanding of the physical and optical mechanisms involved during the LPGs radiation exposure is mandatory, together with a systematic study of their behavior under realistic radiation levels with respect to those expected at HL-HLC.Certainly, massive knowledge concerning the effects of irradiation on optical fibers and optical fiber-based devices has been collected over the years, but still not all the factors involved are completely clear and known. In 2018 Girard et al. published a very interesting review about the recent advancements on the radiation hardened fiber optic-based systems 13 , highlighting the potential and the future challenges of this innovative technology for the application in harsh environments. In ref. 13 the authors also provided an overview of the main radiation-induced effects on several classes of fiber optics and fiber optic-based technology, including both point sensors and distributed sensors. It is well-assessed that radiation alters the fiber properties by creating point defects in silica-based material due to ionization or displacement damage processes leading to structural modifications in the pure or doped amorphous host silica matrix...

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Arc-induced Long Period Gratings in standard and speciality optical fibers under mixed neutron-gamma irradiation

Cited by 30 publications

References 44 publications

Liquefied Petroleum Gas Monitoring System Based on Polystyrene Coated Long Period Grating

Liquefied Petroleum Gas Monitoring System Based on Polystyrene Coated Long Period Grating

Arc-Induced Long Period Gratings from Standard to Polarization-Maintaining and Photonic Crystal Fibers

Analysis of uncoated LPGs written in B-Ge doped fiber under proton irradiation for sensing applications at CERN

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