Arbuscular mycorrhizal phenotyping: the dos and don'ts

Montero, Héctor; Choi, Jae-Hoon; Paszkowski, Uta

doi:10.1111/nph.15489

Cited by 25 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…Phenotypic characterization of the mtabcg59-1 mutant showed that its loss of function negatively influences AM formation, especially, at the early stage of interaction. Previously, it was proposed that altered presymbiotic AM fungal growth could result in delayed colonization, which is apparent at early time points (Montero et al, 2019). That is also what we observed for mtabcg59 mutant ( Figure 5).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

The Full-Size ABCG Transporter of Medicago truncatula Is Involved in Strigolactone Secretion, Affecting Arbuscular Mycorrhiza

et al. 2020

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Strigolactones (SLs) are plant-derived signaling molecules that stimulate the hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and consequently promote symbiotic interaction between the fungus and the plant. Currently, our knowledge on the molecular mechanism of SL transport is restricted to the Solanaceae family. In the Solanaceae family, SL translocation toward the rhizosphere occurs through the exodermis via hypodermal passage cells and involves a member of the G subfamily, of the ATPbinding cassette (ABC) membrane transporters. Most Fabaceae species, including those that are agriculturally important, have a different root anatomy compared to most angiosperm plants (i.e., lacking an exodermis). Thus, we have investigated how SL transport occurs in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Here, we show that overexpression of a SL transporter from petunia (PaPDR1) enhances AMF colonization rates in M. truncatula. This result demonstrates the importance of ABCG proteins for the translocation of orobanchol-type molecules to facilitate arbuscular mycorrhiza, regardless of root anatomy and phylogenetic relationships. Moreover, our research has led to the identification of Medicago ABCG59, a close homologue of Petunia PDR1, that exhibits root specific expression and is up-regulated by phosphate starvation as well as in the presence of rac-GR24, a synthetic SL. Its promoter is active in cortical cells, root tips, and the meristematic zone of nodules. The mtabcg59 loss-of-function mutant displayed a reduced level of mycorrhization compared to the WT plants but had no impact on the number of nodules after Sinorhizobium meliloti inoculation. The reduced mycorrhization indicates that less SLs are secreted by the mutant plants, which is in line with the observation that mtabcg59 exudates exhibit a reduced stimulatory effect on the germination of the parasitic plant Phelipanche ramosa compared to the corresponding wild type.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

The Full-Size ABCG Transporter of Medicago truncatula Is Involved in Strigolactone Secretion, Affecting Arbuscular Mycorrhiza

et al. 2020

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“…Our assessment of the mycorrhizal phenotype of Mtlyk9 mutant lines, at different time points as recommended recently (Montero et al ., ), showed fewer early infection events, and lower values of four mycorrhiza parameters at 5 wpi. Some parameters, and MtPT4 expression, were also lower in mutants at 3 wpi.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

The Medicago truncatula LysM receptor‐like kinase LYK9 plays a dual role in immunity and the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

et al. 2019

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Summary Plant ‐specific lysin‐motif receptor‐like kinases (LysM‐RLKs) are implicated in the perception of N‐acetyl glucosamine‐containing compounds, some of which are important signal molecules in plant−microbe interactions. Among these, both lipo‐chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and chitooligosaccharides (COs) are proposed as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal symbiotic signals. COs can also activate plant defence, although there are scarce data about CO production by pathogens, especially nonfungal pathogens. We tested Medicago truncatula mutants in the LysM‐RLK MtLYK9 for their abilities to interact with the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis and the oomycete pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches. This prompted us to analyse whether A. euteiches can produce COs. Compared with wild‐type plants, Mtlyk9 mutants had fewer infection events and were less colonised by the AM fungus. By contrast, Mtlyk9 mutants were more heavily infected by A. euteiches and showed more disease symptoms. Aphanomyces euteiches was also shown to produce short COs, mainly CO II, but also CO III and CO IV, and traces of CO V, both ex planta and in planta. MtLYK9 thus has a dual role in plant immunity and the AM symbiosis, which raises questions about the functioning and the ancestral origins of such a receptor protein.

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“…For example, nutrient exchange in AM also occurs through hyphal coils (Paris colonization type) with no arbuscules involved (Dickson, ), or even in the absence of coils and arbuscules (Manjarrez et al ., ). Besides, the lifetime of arbuscules is short, and their presence depends on plant developmental stage (Montero & Paszkowski, ), meaning that detection of arbuscules is context dependent and practically challenging (Vierheilig et al ., ). Therefore, the distinction between AM plants (with arbuscules) and NM plants with ‘glomeromycotan fungal colonization’ (with no arbuscules or non‐functional ones) based on potential nutritional function or lack thereof (Brundrett & Tedersoo), is inconsistent with published observations.…”

Section: Point 1 Should the Presence Of Arbuscules Define Am Plants?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Misdiagnosis and uncritical use of plant mycorrhizal data are not the only elephants in the room

et al. 2019

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal phenotyping: the dos and don'ts

Cited by 25 publications

References 36 publications

The Full-Size ABCG Transporter of Medicago truncatula Is Involved in Strigolactone Secretion, Affecting Arbuscular Mycorrhiza

The Full-Size ABCG Transporter of Medicago truncatula Is Involved in Strigolactone Secretion, Affecting Arbuscular Mycorrhiza

The Medicago truncatula LysM receptor‐like kinase LYK9 plays a dual role in immunity and the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Misdiagnosis and uncritical use of plant mycorrhizal data are not the only elephants in the room

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