Arboviruses

Shortridge, K. F.; Oya, Akira

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-9391-1_10

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…A second explanation might be that an alligator was exposed to both SLE and WNV. Although exposure of alligators to SLE has not previously been reported, there are reports of exposure in other orders of reptiles (Shortridge and Oya, 1984).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Validation and Use of an Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Antibodies to West Nile Virus in American Alligators (Alligator Mississippiensis) in Florida

Jacobson

Johnson

Hernández

et al. 2005

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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In October 2002, West Nile virus (WNV) was identified in farmed American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in Florida showing clinical signs and having microscopic lesions indicative of central nervous system disease. To perform seroepidemiologic studies, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to determine exposure of captive and wild alligators to WNV. To validate the test, a group of WNV-seropositive and -seronegative alligators were identified at the affected farm using hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). The indirect ELISA utilized a rabbit anti-alligator immunoglobulins polyclonal antibody as the secondary antibody, and inactivated WNV-infected Vero cells were used as the coating antigen. For all samples (nϭ58), the results of the ELISA were consistent with the HAI and PRNT findings. Plasma was collected from 669 free-ranging alligators from 21 sites across Florida in April and October 2003. Four samples collected in April and six in October were positive for WNV antibodies using HAI, PRNT, and the indirect ELISA. This indicated that wild alligators in Florida have been exposed to WNV. These findings can be used as a baseline for future surveys.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Validation and Use of an Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Antibodies to West Nile Virus in American Alligators (Alligator Mississippiensis) in Florida

Jacobson

Johnson

Hernández

et al. 2005

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…Arboviruses are arthropod borne viruses that multiply in both the arthropod vector and the vertebrate host [ 152 ]. Many are pathogenic to humans, but reptiles and amphibians can represent an alternative host in which the virus may overwinter in hibernating reptiles and in some cases produce overt disease [ 153 ].…”

Section: Reptilian Viruses Described By Virus Familiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This group of viruses includes members such as Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis [ 152 ]. Although infection by these viruses appears to be common according to antibody surveys, which detected antibodies against the viruses in several snake, lizard, turtle and one crocodilian species [ 157 , 164 ], there is little evidence of them causing disease in the reptile hosts.…”

Section: Reptilian Viruses Described By Virus Familiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viruses in reptiles

Ariel

2011

Vet Res

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The etiology of reptilian viral diseases can be attributed to a wide range of viruses occurring across different genera and families. Thirty to forty years ago, studies of viruses in reptiles focused mainly on the zoonotic potential of arboviruses in reptiles and much effort went into surveys and challenge trials of a range of reptiles with eastern and western equine encephalitis as well as Japanese encephalitis viruses. In the past decade, outbreaks of infection with West Nile virus in human populations and in farmed alligators in the USA has seen the research emphasis placed on the issue of reptiles, particularly crocodiles and alligators, being susceptible to, and reservoirs for, this serious zoonotic disease. Although there are many recognised reptilian viruses, the evidence for those being primary pathogens is relatively limited. Transmission studies establishing pathogenicity and cofactors are likewise scarce, possibly due to the relatively low commercial importance of reptiles, difficulties with the availability of animals and permits for statistically sound experiments, difficulties with housing of reptiles in an experimental setting or the inability to propagate some viruses in cell culture to sufficient titres for transmission studies. Viruses as causes of direct loss of threatened species, such as the chelonid fibropapilloma associated herpesvirus and ranaviruses in farmed and wild tortoises and turtles, have re-focused attention back to the characterisation of the viruses as well as diagnosis and pathogenesis in the host itself.1. Introduction2. Methods for working with reptilian viruses3. Reptilian viruses described by virus families3.1. Herpesviridae3.2. Iridoviridae3.2.1 Ranavirus3.2.2 Erythrocytic virus3.2.3 Iridovirus3.3. Poxviridae3.4. Adenoviridae3.5. Papillomaviridae3.6. Parvoviridae3.7. Reoviridae3.8. Retroviridae and inclusion body disease of Boid snakes3.9. Arboviruses3.9.1. Flaviviridae3.9.2. Togaviridae3.10. Caliciviridae3.11. Picornaviridae3.12. Paramyxoviridae4. Summary5. Acknowledgements6. Competing interests7. References

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“…Several turtles, snakes and lizards have been found to be positive for arthropod‐borne viruses or antibodies, e.g. bhanjavirus, Crimean‐Congo haemorrhagic fever virus ( Bunyaviridae ), Japanese encephalitis virus, St Louis encephalitis virus, Powassan virus ( Flaviviridae ), western equine encephalitis virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus ( Togaviridae ) (Thomas and Eklund, 1960; Burton et al., 1966; Whitney et al., 1968; Shortridge et al., 1974; Shortridge and Oya, 1984). It is probable that reptiles are involved in the infection cycles of these viruses and play an important role as reservoir hosts of arthropod‐borne viruses (Ahne, 1993).…”

Section: Double‐stranded Rna Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses of Lower Vertebrates

Eßbauer¹,

Ahne

2001

Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B

108

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Viruses of lower vertebrates recently became a field of interest to the public due to increasing epizootics and economic losses of poikilothermic animals. These were reported worldwide from both wildlife and collections of aquatic poikilothermic animals. Several RNA and DNA viruses infecting fish, amphibians and reptiles have been studied intensively during the last 20 years. Many of these viruses induce diseases resulting in important economic losses of lower vertebrates, especially in fish aquaculture. In addition, some of the DNA viruses seem to be emerging pathogens involved in the worldwide decline in wildlife. Irido-, herpes- and polyomavirus infections may be involved in the reduction in the numbers of endangered amphibian and reptile species. In this context the knowledge of several important RNA viruses such as orthomyxo-, paramyxo-, rhabdo-, retro-, corona-, calici-, toga-, picorna-, noda-, reo- and birnaviruses, and DNA viruses such as parvo-, irido-, herpes-, adeno-, polyoma- and poxviruses, is described in this review.

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Arboviruses

Cited by 6 publications

References 54 publications

Validation and Use of an Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Antibodies to West Nile Virus in American Alligators (Alligator Mississippiensis) in Florida

Validation and Use of an Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Antibodies to West Nile Virus in American Alligators (Alligator Mississippiensis) in Florida

Viruses in reptiles

Viruses of Lower Vertebrates

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