Arbovirus Investigations in Argentina, 1977–1980

Monath, Thomas P.; Sabattini, Marta S.; Pauli, R.; Daffner, J. F.; Mitchell, Chris; Bowen, G. S.; Cropp, C B

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1985.34.966

Cited by 52 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…Previous field reports found seroconversion to SLEV in domestic and sentinel horses in Central and South America, reinforcing the idea that undocumented SLEV infection could affect diagnosis (1,14,29,32,33,36). We found only low levels of antibody against SLEV even after 2 sequential injections, but these antibodies persisted to day 39 and through the subsequent heterologous exposure to WNV.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Therefore, diagnosis of WNV infection has predominantly occurred for individuals with no preexisting flavivirus antibody. However, in the tropical Americas (Central America, South America, and the Caribbean), individuals are likely to have been repeatedly exposed to multiple enzootic flaviviruses, including the dengue viruses (dengue virus type 1 [DENV-1] to DENV-4), SLEV, Ilheus virus, T'Ho virus, and yellow fever virus (8,12,13,15,27,29,32,33,43). This not only complicates diagnosis but suggests the possibility of cross-protection or, conversely, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of the immune response, thus modulating the course of disease (34).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We chose two widely distributed and prevalent flaviviruses known in tropical America, SLEV and DENV-2, for the primary infections in our study (19,29). SLEV is known to infect horses (1,14,29,32,33,36), but the resulting temporal antibody profiles are not documented. There is no literature on dengue virus infection of equines, but DENV-2 is present throughout the tropical Americas and the mosquito vectors that transmit this virus will feed upon horses (41).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Widely Used Diagnostic Tests To Detect West Nile Virus Infections in Horses Previously Infected with St. Louis Encephalitis Virus or Dengue Virus Type 2

Ledermann

Loroño-Pino

Ellis

et al. 2011

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Primary West Nile virus (WNV) infections can be diagnosed using a number of tests that detect infectious particles, nucleic acid, and specific IgM and/or IgG antibodies. However, serological identification of the infecting agent in secondary or subsequent flavivirus infections is problematic due to the extensive cross-reactivity of flavivirus antibodies. This is particularly difficult in the tropical Americas where multiple flaviviruses cocirculate. A study of sequential flavivirus infection in horses was undertaken using three medically important flaviviruses and five widely utilized diagnostic assays to determine if WNV infection in horses that had a previous St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) or dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) infection could be diagnosed. Following the primary inoculation, 25% (3/12) and 75% (3/4) of the horses mounted antibody responses against SLEV and DENV-2, respectively. Eighty-eight percent of horses subsequently inoculated with WNV had a WNV-specific antibody response that could be detected with one of these assays. The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) was sensitive in detection but lacked specificity, especially following repeated flavivirus exposure. The WNV-specific IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgM ELISA) was able to detect an IgM antibody response and was not crossreactive in a primary SLEV or DENV response. The WNV-specific blocking ELISA was specific, showing positives only following a WNV injection. Of great importance, we demonstrated that timing of sample collection and the need for multiple samples are important, as the infecting etiology could be misdiagnosed if only a single sample is tested.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Widely Used Diagnostic Tests To Detect West Nile Virus Infections in Horses Previously Infected with St. Louis Encephalitis Virus or Dengue Virus Type 2

Ledermann

Loroño-Pino

Ellis

et al. 2011

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…The detection of SLEV antibodies in 43.7% of animals older than seven months was relatively similar to the result described in another serologic survey carried out in Argentina, where the positivity to SLEV was detected by Monath et al (1985) in 57.9% of equines studied. In Brazil, our results were also similar to a recent report of an equine serosurvey conducted in 2005 in the Amazon region and Maracajú, a municipality of MS outside South Pantanal.…”

supporting

confidence: 68%

“…In the 1970s, positivity to EEEV in Argentina was detected in 11.1% of 892 equines assayed (Monath et al 1985). In Brazil, Lennette and Fox (1943), during the first investigation of arboviral encephalitis in horses conducted in the country, found that 18.4% of equines assessed were positive for EEEV in the state of Minas Gerais.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%