Arbovirus and seizures

Zheng, Mingrui; Li, Shichuo; Hogan, Robert; Yang, Meihua

doi:10.1186/s42494-020-00026-w

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…As shown in Table 1 , a variety of different RNA and DNA viruses have been reported to cause acute symptomatic seizures and subsequent epilepsy. Among the viruses shown in Table 1 , the high prevalence and spread of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) make them an important cause of viral encephalitis and associated seizures in humans, with between 10 and 35% of patients infected with these viruses displaying some form of seizure ( Getts et al, 2008 ; Singhi, 2011 ; Zheng et al, 2020 ). Among the various arboviruses, flaviviridae such as WNV, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) have been reported to induce both early and, in survivors, late (spontaneous) seizures ( Table 1 ).…”

Section: Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral Infections Of Th...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Within this context, it is important to note that astrocytes are thought to play a crucial role in flavivirus infections of the CNS by mediating the mechanisms that underlie neurological sequelae such as seizures and epilepsy ( Potokar et al, 2019 ; Zheng et al, 2020 ; Ashraf et al, 2021 ). Indeed, given the anatomic position of astroglia and their homeostatic role in the CNS, one can predict that virus invasion may lead to important functional consequences for the entire CNS upon the interaction of astrocytes with viruses.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral In...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Mechanisms in the Genesis of Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral Infection

Löscher

Howe

2022

Front. Mol. Neurosci.

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Seizures are a common presenting symptom during viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) and can occur during the initial phase of infection (“early” or acute symptomatic seizures), after recovery (“late” or spontaneous seizures, indicating the development of acquired epilepsy), or both. The development of acute and delayed seizures may have shared as well as unique pathogenic mechanisms and prognostic implications. Based on an extensive review of the literature, we present an overview of viruses that are associated with early and late seizures in humans. We then describe potential pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying ictogenesis and epileptogenesis, including routes of neuroinvasion, viral control and clearance, systemic inflammation, alterations of the blood-brain barrier, neuroinflammation, and inflammation-induced molecular reorganization of synapses and neural circuits. We provide clinical and animal model findings to highlight commonalities and differences in these processes across various neurotropic or neuropathogenic viruses, including herpesviruses, SARS-CoV-2, flaviviruses, and picornaviruses. In addition, we extensively review the literature regarding Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). This picornavirus, although not pathogenic for humans, is possibly the best-characterized model for understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive seizures, epilepsy, and hippocampal damage during viral infection. An enhanced understanding of these mechanisms derived from the TMEV model may lead to novel therapeutic interventions that interfere with ictogenesis and epileptogenesis, even within non-infectious contexts.

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Section: Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral Infections Of Th...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanisms Of Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral In...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Mechanisms in the Genesis of Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral Infection

Löscher

Howe

2022

Front. Mol. Neurosci.

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“…Patients diagnosed with viral encephalitis due to WNV tend to develop long-term neuro-pathologies, such as depression, speech disorders, memory, and cognitive impairment, motor dysfunction, and in some rare cases, epilepsy ( Klein et al, 2017 ; Fulton et al, 2020 ; Zheng et al, 2020 ). In these patients, cognitive symptoms such as memory loss, loss of concentration, depression, irritability, and confusion can be detected from 6 to 18 months after the initial infection ( Klee et al, 2004 ; Klein et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Long-term Sequelae Due To Viral Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar to the reports for WNV, JEV infection can cause a decrease in IQ, speech disorders, memory, and adaptive behavioral impairment, even 2 years after the initial infection ( Figure 2 ; Yin et al, 2015 ). Additionally, it has been reported that the infection with JEV can promote the development of epilepsy, possibly due to the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules from activated microglial cells, their proliferation, and the generation of microglial nodules ( Ghoshal et al, 2007 ; Zheng et al, 2020 ). Other arboviruses like ZIKV can lead to sequelae on the offspring, such as microcephaly and brain anomalies, after infecting pregnant women ( Figure 2 ; Panchaud et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Long-term Sequelae Due To Viral Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other arboviruses like ZIKV can lead to sequelae on the offspring, such as microcephaly and brain anomalies, after infecting pregnant women ( Figure 2 ; Panchaud et al, 2016 ). Even more, the microcephaly caused by the infection with ZIKV can lead to epileptic activity in more than 50% of the cases ( Zheng et al, 2020 ). Sequelae are generally associated with cognitive symptoms within the arboviruses, and only ZIKV causes symptoms in newborns ( Panchaud et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Long-term Sequelae Due To Viral Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Causes and Long-Term Consequences of Viral Encephalitis

Böhmwald

Andrade

Gálvez

et al. 2021

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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Reports regarding brain inflammation, known as encephalitis, have shown an increasing frequency during the past years. Encephalitis is a relevant concern to public health due to its high morbidity and mortality. Infectious or autoimmune diseases are the most common cause of encephalitis. The clinical symptoms of this pathology can vary depending on the brain zone affected, with mild ones such as fever, headache, confusion, and stiff neck, or severe ones, such as seizures, weakness, hallucinations, and coma, among others. Encephalitis can affect individuals of all ages, but it is frequently observed in pediatric and elderly populations, and the most common causes are viral infections. Several viral agents have been described to induce encephalitis, such as arboviruses, rhabdoviruses, enteroviruses, herpesviruses, retroviruses, orthomyxoviruses, orthopneumovirus, and coronaviruses, among others. Once a neurotropic virus reaches the brain parenchyma, the resident cells such as neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, can be infected, promoting the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules and the subsequent immune cell infiltration that leads to brain damage. After resolving the viral infection, the local immune response can remain active, contributing to long-term neuropsychiatric disorders, neurocognitive impairment, and degenerative diseases. In this article, we will discuss how viruses can reach the brain, the impact of viral encephalitis on brain function, and we will focus especially on the neurocognitive sequelae reported even after viral clearance.

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Exploring the Paradox of COVID-19 in Neurological Complications with Emphasis on Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Disease

Nand

Tiwari

Singh

et al. 2022

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a human coronavirus (HCoV) that has created a pandemic situation worldwide as COVID-19. This virus can invade human cells via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor-based mechanisms, affecting the human respiratory tract. However, several reports of neurological symptoms suggest a neuroinvasive development of coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2 can damage the brain via several routes, along with direct neural cell infection with the coronavirus. The chronic inflammatory reactions surge the brain with proinflammatory elements, damaging the neural cells, causing brain ischemia associated with other health issues. SARS-CoV-2 exhibited neuropsychiatric and neurological manifestations, including cognitive impairment, depression, dizziness, delirium, and disturbed sleep. These symptoms show nervous tissue damage that enhances the occurrence of neurodegenerative disorders and aids dementia. SARS-CoV-2 has been seen in brain necropsy and isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of COVID-19 patients. The associated inflammatory reaction in some COVID-19 patients has increased proinflammatory cytokines, which have been investigated as a prognostic factor. Therefore, the immunogenic changes observed in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s patients include their pathogenetic role. Inflammatory events have been an important pathophysiological feature of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. The neuroinflammation observed in AD has exacerbated the Aβ burden and tau hyperphosphorylation. The resident microglia and other immune cells are responsible for the enhanced burden of Aβ and subsequently mediate tau phosphorylation and ultimately disease progression. Similarly, neuroinflammation also plays a key role in the progression of PD. Several studies have demonstrated an interplay between neuroinflammation and pathogenic mechanisms of PD. The dynamic proinflammation stage guides the accumulation of α-synuclein and neurodegenerative progression. Besides, few viruses may have a role as stimulators and generate a cross-autoimmune response for α-synuclein. Hence, neurological complications in patients suffering from COVID-19 cannot be ruled out. In this review article, our primary focus is on discussing the neuroinvasive effect of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, its impact on the blood-brain barrier, and ultimately its impact on the people affected with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.

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Arbovirus and seizures

Cited by 5 publications

References 59 publications

Molecular Mechanisms in the Genesis of Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral Infection

Molecular Mechanisms in the Genesis of Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral Infection

The Causes and Long-Term Consequences of Viral Encephalitis

Exploring the Paradox of COVID-19 in Neurological Complications with Emphasis on Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Disease

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