Arboviral diseases and poverty in Alabama, 2007–2017

Bisanzio, Donal; Martello, Elisa; Izenour, Katherine; Stevens, Kelly; Kaur, Ramandeep; McKenzie, Benjamin A.; Kraemer, Moritz U. G.; Reithinger, Richard; Zohdy, Sarah

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009535

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Despite the small increase in overall odds of detecting a human case based on WNV infections in mosquitoes, these associations remained signi cant after accounting for town population size and month of the year. Other metrics of human populations, such as demography, social inequity, and access to healthcare are other important metrics to consider when predicting incidence of WNV in humans (52)(53)(54); these variables can also in uence patterns of mosquito community composition and collections (55,56). Future studies that examine these relationships may re ne the predicted incidence of WNV in mosquitoes and humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical models for West Nile virus risk mapping in Connecticut, USA

McMillan,

Chaves,

Armstrong

2023

Preprint

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Background: Predicting risk of West Nile virus (WNV) to humans in spaces without mosquito surveillance data is a key limitation of many WNV surveillance programs. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed 20 years (2001 – 2020) of statewide, point-level mosquito and WNV surveillance data from Connecticut (CT), USA, using boosted regression trees (BRT) and generalized linear models (GLMs) to determine the most influential climate variables, land cover classes, and seasonality factors (such as Month of collection) associated with Culex pipiens abundance and WNV presence/absence in tested mosquito pools. Methods: Candidate Cx. pipiens collection models were assessed based on explained deviance and root mean square error then optimized using a backward selection process. We then used predicted Cx. pipiens abundance in models of WNV presence/absence to predict WNV detection probabilities throughout CT. We validated these WNV predictions by testing the association between predicted WNV detection probabilities in mosquitoes and observed WNV incidence in mosquitoes from 2021 – 2022 and in humans from 2001 – 2022 using binomial-error generalized linear mixed effects models. Results: Predicted mosquito WNV detection probabilities in unsampled spaces were significantly associated with the odds of a mosquito pool testing positive as well as a human case occurring within the geopolitical boundaries of a town. Conclusion: This methodology has broad utility in the US and abroad to inform the public of risk of WNV quickly and easily in mosquitoes using only a few online and easily accessible data sources.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical models for West Nile virus risk mapping in Connecticut, USA

McMillan,

Chaves,

Armstrong

2023

Preprint

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“…To improve data collection and enable explicit comparisons of the clinical presentations of both diseases, we implemented a specific electronic case report form for SLEV in 2019 and developed infrastructure to aggregate clinical data from WNV case-patients. Nonetheless, the true magnitudes of WNV and SLEV infections remain poorly defined, and the likelihood of testing and diagnosis are influenced by such factors as social determinants of health [ 36 , 37 ], availability of clinical specimens, the effectiveness of diagnostic tests, and, more recently, COVID-19 [ 38 , 39 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiologic and environmental characterization of the Re-emergence of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in California, 2015–2020

et al. 2022

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St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) is an endemic flavivirus in the western and southeastern United States, including California. From 1938 to 2003, the virus was detected annually in California, but after West Nile virus (WNV) arrived in 2003, SLEV was not detected again until it re-emerged in Riverside County in 2015. The re-emerging virus in California and other areas of the western US is SLEV genotype III, which previously had been detected only in Argentina, suggesting a South American origin. This study describes SLEV activity in California since its re-emergence in 2015 and compares it to WNV activity during the same period. From 2015 to 2020, SLEV was detected in 1,650 mosquito pools and 26 sentinel chickens, whereas WNV was detected concurrently in 18,108 mosquito pools and 1,542 sentinel chickens from the same samples. There were 24 reported human infections of SLEV in 10 California counties, including two fatalities (case fatality rate: 8%), compared to 2,469 reported human infections of WNV from 43 California counties, with 143 fatalities (case fatality rate: 6%). From 2015 through 2020, SLEV was detected in 17 (29%) of California’s 58 counties, while WNV was detected in 54 (93%). Although mosquitoes and sentinel chickens have been tested routinely for arboviruses in California for over fifty years, surveillance has not been uniform throughout the state. Of note, since 2005 there has been a steady decline in the use of sentinel chickens among vector control agencies, potentially contributing to gaps in SLEV surveillance. The incidence of SLEV disease in California may have been underestimated because human surveillance for SLEV relied on an environmental detection to trigger SLEV patient screening and mosquito surveillance effort is spatially variable. In addition, human diagnostic testing usually relies on changes in host antibodies and SLEV infection can be indistinguishable from infection with other flaviviruses such as WNV, which is more prevalent.

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“…The intersection of risk is best associated with land use. Agriculture and rural locations are usually associated with higher rates of seroprevalence and neuroinvasive disease in humans and horses [ 60 , 68 , 69 , 70 ]. In rural environments, horse and human occupation are linked with agriculture, and agricultural workers are more likely to have either higher seroprevalence rates and/or more reported WNV cases.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of West Nile Virus Disease in Humans and Horses: Exploiting Similarities for Enhancing Syndromic Surveillance

Schwarz

Long

2023

Viruses

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West Nile virus (WNV) neuroinvasive disease threatens the health and well-being of horses and humans worldwide. Disease in horses and humans is remarkably similar. The occurrence of WNV disease in these mammalian hosts has geographic overlap with shared macroscale and microscale drivers of risk. Importantly, intrahost virus dynamics, the evolution of the antibody response, and clinicopathology are similar. The goal of this review is to provide a comparison of WNV infection in humans and horses and to identify similarities that can be exploited to enhance surveillance methods for the early detection of WNV neuroinvasive disease.

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Arboviral diseases and poverty in Alabama, 2007–2017

Cited by 6 publications

References 39 publications

Hierarchical models for West Nile virus risk mapping in Connecticut, USA

Hierarchical models for West Nile virus risk mapping in Connecticut, USA

Epidemiologic and environmental characterization of the Re-emergence of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in California, 2015–2020

Comparison of West Nile Virus Disease in Humans and Horses: Exploiting Similarities for Enhancing Syndromic Surveillance

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