Arbitrary Control of a Quantum Electromagnetic Field

Law, C. K.; Eberly, J. H.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.76.1055

Cited by 463 publications

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“…First, in Fig.2a-b we perform the first basic block of the Law and Eberly protocol 27 . We initialize the qubit in the excited state using a resonant microwave pulse, then tune the qubit into resonance with the cavity for an interaction time τ and measure the qubit population P e (using a destructive single shot readout).…”

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Resolving the vacuum fluctuations of an optomechanical system using an artificial atom

et al. 2015

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Heisenberg's uncertainty principle results in one of the strangest quantum behaviors: an oscillator can never truly be at rest. Even in its lowest energy state, at a temperature of absolute zero, its position and momentum are still subject to quantum fluctuations 1,2 . Resolving these fluctuations using linear position measurements is complicated by the fact that classical noise can masquerade as quantum noise [3][4][5][6] . On the other hand, direct energy detection of the oscillator in its ground state makes it appear motionless 1,7 . So how can we resolve quantum fluctuations? Here, we parametrically couple a micromechanical oscillator to a microwave cavity to prepare the system in its quantum ground state 8,9 and then amplify the remaining vacuum fluctuations into real energy quanta 10 . Exploiting a superconducting qubit as an artificial atom, we measure the photon/phonon-number distributions 11-13 during these optomechanical interactions. This provides an essential non-linear resource to, first, verify the ground state preparation and second, reveal the quantum vacuum fluctuations of the macroscopic oscillator's motion. Our results further demonstrate the ability to control a long-lived mechanical oscillator using a non-Gaussian resource, directly enabling applications in quantum information processing and enhanced detection of displacement and forces.Cavity optomechanical systems have emerged as an ideal testbed for exploring the quantum limits of linear measurement of macroscopic motion 2 , as well as a promising new architecture for performing quantum computations. In such systems, a light field reflecting off a mechanical oscillator acquires a position-dependent phase shift and reciprocally, it applies a force onto the mechanical oscillator. This effect is enhanced by embedding the oscillator inside a high-quality factor electromagnetic cavity. Numerous physical implementations exist, both in the microwave and optical domain, and have been used to push the manipulation of macroscopic oscillators into the quantum regime, demonstrating laser cooling to the ground state of motion 8,14 , coherent transfer of itinerant light fields into mechanical motion 9,15 , or their entanglement 10 . Thus far, linear position measurements have provided evidence for the quantization of light fields via radiation pressure shot noise 16,17 and mechanical vacuum fluctuations via motional sideband asymmetries 3-6 . However, the use of only classical and linear tools has restricted most optomechanical experiments to the manipulation of Gaussian states.The addition of a strong non-linearity, such as an atom, has fostered tremendous progress towards exquisite control over non-Gaussian quantum states of light fields and atomic motion 11,12 . First developed in the context of cavity quantum electrodynamics, these techniques are now widely applied to engineered systems, such as superconducting quantum bits (qubits) and microwave resonant circuits 13,18-21 . In a pioneering experiment incorporating a high-frequency mechanical osci...

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Resolving the vacuum fluctuations of an optomechanical system using an artificial atom

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“…The main important difference to the JC model is the ability to manipulate the atom by connecting the states |+) and |-) in two independent ways. This has been shown [4] to be the key to avoid entanglement. Although a 3-mode quantum model of the two-channel process also exists [7], we are concerned here only with a 4-mode model [8].…”

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“…Only the design for the photon engine [4] has been published so far. In the case of the photon pistol, the same combination of external and cavity modes is used as for the engine, but the cavity Q is drastically lowered so that as soon as a cavity photon is generated in the cycling of the "engine", it is transmitted through one of the cavity mirrors ("shot") out of the cavity.…”

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“…Model 3 is a "process control" model [4]. It uses even less expensive raw materials than model 1 because it needs only a single atom, and it requires minimal quality control.…”

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“…(i) amplifIcation without inversion, Kocharovskaya and Mandel [5]; (ii) excitation via a classical and a quantum channel simultaneously, Law and Eberly [6]; (iii) exact quantum solutions for 3 modes, Wang et al [7]; (iv) boson spin algebra for 4 modes, Wang and Eberly [8]; (v) two mechanisms for inversionless amplification, Keitel et al [9]; (vi) perfect Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) correlator, Wodkiewicz et al [10]; (vii) two-mode squeezing and phase correlation, Law and Eberly [11]; (viii) lasing without inversion and phaseonium, Scully et al [12]; (ix) transparency and dressing in a double-lambda medium, Cerboneschi and Arimondo [13]; (x) photon engine, Law and Eberly [4]; (xi) quantum image storage, Kneer and Law [14]; (xii) photon pistol, Law and Kimble [15].…”

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Classical Control of Quantized Fields: Cavity Qed and the Photon Pistol

Eberly¹,

Law²

1998

Acta Phys. Pol. A

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By using the double-lambda configuration of energy levels and three classical fields, an atom or ion in a high-Q resonant cavity can be manipulated to create a single-mode quantum state in the cavity that is an arbitrary combination of Fock states for that mode. The same principles of operation can be applied to a cavity with much lower Q in order to produce a "photon pistol", a device that "shoots" one and only one photon when a trigger is pulled, and emits no photons at other times.PACS numbers: 42.50. Dv, 42.50.Ct, 32.80.Qk Cavity QED now provides a realistic framework for experimental study of strongly interacting quantum systems, and for the production of interesting varieties of non-classical states of atoms and photons. It is almost too easy in the context of cavity QED to produce hyper-quantum states, states that are extremely tangled combinations of mixed numbers of atoms and photons. It is not usually realized that in 1958 Jaynes already predicted [1] that cavity QED would provide an attractive way to study entanglement.Here we address a related question that has captured some attention in the past few years but has proved difficult to answer with complete satisfaction. This is the question how best to produce arbitrary, pre-specified, quantized cavity-mode states without entanglement with atomic states, even without entanglement of the atom used to generate the photons, and to do so using classically controllable inputs.What classical device or collection of classical devices would be suitable to generate an arbitrary non-entangled quantum state with sufficient reliability that it could serve as the heart of a photon factory? Such a factory could, for example, act as supplier for a shop such as the one shown in Fig. 1. Or, if the engine were compact and reliable enough, perhaps Fock & Associates could install one in the cellar of their shop and run their own factory. At the present time there are three (55)

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The Deterministic Generation of Photons by Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics

Walther

2007

Elements of Quantum Information

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Cavity quantum electrodynamics allows the study of strong coupling between excited atoms and a single mode of a resonant cavity. As a consequence of the strong coupling the cavity field and the atom are entangled. The system thus provides important ingredients necessary for studies of quantum information processing. In addition the periodic exchange of a photon between atom and cavity can be studied. It thus represents the ideal system to investigate the Jaynes-Cummings model and to study a variety of phenomena related to the dynamics of the photon exchange such as collapse and revivals depending on the statistics of the photon field. Furthermore, it is an ideal system to study the quantum measurement process. The system leads to masers and lasers which sustain oscillations with less than one atom on average in the cavity and can, in addition, be used as a deterministic photon source. The setup allows to study in detail the conditions necessary to obtain nonclassical radiation, i.e. radiation with sub-Poissonian photon statistics and even photon number states; this is the case even when Poissonian pumping is used. This paper reviews the work on cavity quantum electrodynamics performed with the one-atom maser and with a single ion trap laser. We will start with the discussion of the one-atom maser. For a more detailed discussion of those experiments see also [1].

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Arbitrary Control of a Quantum Electromagnetic Field

Cited by 463 publications

References 10 publications

Resolving the vacuum fluctuations of an optomechanical system using an artificial atom

Resolving the vacuum fluctuations of an optomechanical system using an artificial atom

Classical Control of Quantized Fields: Cavity Qed and the Photon Pistol

The Deterministic Generation of Photons by Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics

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