Arachidonic acid metabolism is elevated inMycoplasma gallisepticumandEscherichia colico-infection and induces LTC4 in serum as the biomarker for detecting poultry respiratory disease

Abstract

Outbreaks of multiple respiratory diseases with high morbidity and mortality have been frequently reported in poultry industry. Metabolic profiling has showed widespread usage in metabolic and infectious disease for identifying biomarkers and understanding of complex mechanisms. In this study, the non-targeted metabolomics were used on Mycoplasma gallisepticum ( MG ) and Escherichia coli ( E.coli ) co-infection model in serum, which showed that Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Chenodeoxycholate, Linoleate and numerous energy metabolites were varied significantly. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the metabolic pathways of linoleic acid, taurine and arachidonic acid (AA) were upregulated. To further characterize the consequences of co-infection, we performed an AA metabolic network pathway with metabolic products and enzyme genes. The results showed that the expression of LTC4 increased extremely significant and accompanied with different degree of infection. Meanwhile, the AA network performed the changes and differences of various metabolites in the pathway when multiple respiratory diseases occurred. Taken together, co-infection induces distinct alterations in the serum metabolome owing to the activation of AA metabolism. Furthermore, LTC4 in serum could be used as the biomarker for detecting poultry respiratory disease. Abbreviations MG: Mycoplasma gallisepticum; E.coli: Escherichia coli ; AA: Arachidonic acid; LTC4: Leukotriene C4; CRD: chronic respiratory diseases; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; LTs: leukotrienes; PGs: prostaglandins; NO: nitric oxide; HIS: histamine; PCA: Principal Component Analysis; PLS-DA: Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis; CCU: color change unit; UPLC: ultra-performance liquid chromatography; MS: mass spectrometry; DEMs: differentially expressed metabolites; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; SD: standard deviation; VIP: Variable importance in the projection

Baicalin inhibits inflammation caused by coinfection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Escherichia coli involving IL-17 signaling pathway

“…The concentration of E. coli was adjusted to 10 9 CFU/mL before infection. The detection of the density for MG and E. coli were consistent as explained in our previous study ( Wu et al., 2020 ; Wu et al., 2019b ). Baicalin (purity ≥ 98.0%) was bought from Huifeng Animal Health Co., Ltd. (Heilongjiang, China).…”

“…Similarly, avian pathogenic E. coli also induced pathological changes and caused severe lung damage ( Peng et al., 2019 ). Several studies examined histopathological changes in lungs and mucosal respiratory epithelium with increased inflammation in coinfection of MG with other respiratory pathogens including E. coli ( Stipkovits et al., 2012 ; Xiao et al., 2014 ; Sid et al., 2015 ; Wu et al., 2020 ). In the present study, increased expressions of inflammatory cytokines were observed in chicken lung in MG or E. coli single or mixed infection group.…”

“…Another study evaluated the effect of single or combined infection of MG and E. coli on chicken immune response induced by Newcastle disease virus vaccine ( Awad et al., 2019 ). Our previous studies investigated coinfection of MG with E. coli that caused immunosuppression and inflammatory injury in chicken lung with the upregulation of interleukin-17 (IL-17) signaling pathway ( Wu et al., 2019b ), and elevated serum leukotriene C4 was considered as a biomarker for detecting respiratory infection in chickens ( Wu et al., 2020 ). While, in the present study, we scrutinized the preventive effects of baicalin against coinfection of MG and E. coli in chickens.…”

Genetic resistance to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC): current status and opportunities

“…Both strains of APEC activated inflammatory and immune signalling pathways in these immune cells, yet genes from the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway, IL-17 and STAT3 signalling, and heterophil recruitment pathways responded differently to APEC O2 than APEC O1, illustrating that different APEC serotypes do not necessarily induce the same host immune responses. Serum metabolomics from White Leghorn chickens co-infected with APEC and Mycoplasma gallisepticum observed changes in arachidonic acid metabolism and increased levels of leukotriene C4 (Wu et al, 2020), while the lung transcriptome from the same experiment identified a role for IL-17 signalling during co-infection (Wu et al, 2019). Other experiments used transcriptomics to measure responses to in vitro APEC infection; an immune-focused microarray was used on chicken monocyte-derived macrophages to detect large changes in antimicrobial genes, cytokines, and cytokine receptors (Lavrič et al, 2008), while RNA-seq on chicken type II pneumocytes, epithelial cells that regulate lung immunity, identified differential expression in apoptosis, NF-κB, and cytokine signalling pathways (L.Y.…”

Polypharmacology-based Approach for Screening of Traditional Chinese Medicinal extract and Multi-dimensional Targeting Verification

“…Due to the intensi cation of commercial poultry production, explosive multiple respiratory infections have become an urgent problem [16]. This co-pathogenesis is characterized by complex interactions between co-infection pathogens and the host [17,18].…”