Arabidopsis HFR1 Is a Potential Nuclear Substrate Regulated by the Xanthomonas Type III Effector XopDXcc8004

Tan, Choon Meng; Li, Meng Ying; Yang, Pei; Chang, Shu Heng; Ho, Yi‐Ping; Lin, Hong; Deng, Wen-Ling; Yang, Jun

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117067

Cited by 27 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…XopD acts as a T3S effector and has weak ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) isopeptidase activity (46). Overexpression of xopD from Xanthomonas in Arabidopsis leaves induces a host defense response that is dependent on salicylic acid (47). This suggests that the cysteine protease of B. elkanii USDA61 identified in the current study might be a type 3 effector and stimulate the plant immune response, eventually leading to nodule restriction in soybean varieties carrying the Rj4 allele.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Identification of Bradyrhizobium elkanii Genes Involved in Incompatibility with Soybean Plants Carrying the Rj4 Allele

Faruque

Miwa

Yasuda

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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c Symbioses between leguminous plants and soil bacteria known as rhizobia are of great importance to agricultural production and nitrogen cycling. While these mutualistic symbioses can involve a wide range of rhizobia, some legumes exhibit incompatibility with specific strains, resulting in ineffective nodulation. The formation of nodules in soybean plants (Glycine max) is controlled by several host genes, which are referred to as Rj genes. The soybean cultivar BARC2 carries the Rj4 gene, which restricts nodulation by specific strains, including Bradyrhizobium elkanii USDA61. Here we employed transposon mutagenesis to identify the genetic locus in USDA61 that determines incompatibility with soybean varieties carrying the Rj4 allele. Introduction of the Tn5 transposon into USDA61 resulted in the formation of nitrogen fixation nodules on the roots of soybean cultivar BARC2 (Rj4 Rj4). Sequencing analysis of the sequence flanking the Tn5 insertion revealed that six genes encoding a putative histidine kinase, transcriptional regulator, DNA-binding transcriptional activator, helix-turn-helix-type transcriptional regulator, phage shock protein, and cysteine protease were disrupted. The cysteine protease mutant had a high degree of similarity with the type 3 effector protein XopD of Xanthomonas campestris. Our findings shed light on the diverse and complicated mechanisms that underlie these highly host-specific interactions and indicate the involvement of a type 3 effector in Rj4 nodulation restriction, suggesting that Rj4 incompatibility is partly mediated by effector-triggered immunity. P lants of the legume family can effectively make their own fertilizers by forming symbioses with a diverse group of nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria known as rhizobia. This cross-kingdom collaboration is characterized by the formation of the root nodule, a specialized plant organ that provides an optimized environment in which the bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. The symbiotic interactions between leguminous plants and Rhizobium bacteria show high species specificity, which is determined by the exchange of signal molecules. The best-known determinants of host specificity derived from rhizobia are the so-called Nod factors (NFs), which comprise a family of lipochitooligosaccharides with various strain-specific chemical decorations (1). Legume roots excrete flavonoid compounds that can interact specifically with the rhizobial transcriptional factor NodD. Activation of NodD induces the expression of nodulation genes in rhizobia, which are required for the synthesis of NFs (2, 3). NFs are received by host NF receptors (NFRs) and activate host signal transduction pathways that lead to root hair infection and nodule organogenesis (2, 3). A recent study showed that introduction of the putative NFRs NFR1 and NFR5 of Lotus japonicus into Medicago truncatula initiated nodulation of the transgenic roots by the L. japonicus symbiont Mesorhizobium loti (4, 5). Thus, NFs and their receptor proteins contribute significantly to the de...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Identification of Bradyrhizobium elkanii Genes Involved in Incompatibility with Soybean Plants Carrying the Rj4 Allele

Faruque

Miwa

Yasuda

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Furthermore, XopD Xcc8004 binds to and deSUMOylates the basic HLH transcription factor HFR1 in subnuclear foci (Tan et al. 2015) (Fig. 7A), suggesting that XopD family members target plant transcription regulators to promote bacterial virulence.…”

Section: Modulation Of Plant Gene Expression By Type III Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behind the lines–actions of bacterial type III effector proteins in plant cells

Büttner¹

2016

FEMS Microbiology Reviews

237

234

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Pathogenicity of most Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria depends on the type III secretion (T3S) system, which translocates bacterial effector proteins into plant cells. Type III effectors modulate plant cellular pathways to the benefit of the pathogen and promote bacterial multiplication. One major virulence function of type III effectors is the suppression of plant innate immunity, which is triggered upon recognition of pathogen-derived molecular patterns by plant receptor proteins. Type III effectors also interfere with additional plant cellular processes including proteasome-dependent protein degradation, phytohormone signaling, the formation of the cytoskeleton, vesicle transport and gene expression. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the molecular functions of type III effector proteins with known plant target molecules. Furthermore, plant defense strategies for the detection of effector protein activities or effector-triggered alterations in plant targets are discussed.

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“…XopD Xcc8004 , a shorter version of XopD lacking the N-terminal domain, is also a type III effector from Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) acting as a SUMO protease (Tan et al, 2015). XopD Xcc8004 expression in Arabidopsis elicited host defence response genes solely dependent on its SUMO protease activity; in transgenic plants harbouring XopD Xcc8004 (C355A), no elicitation was noticed (Tan et al, 2015).…”

Section: Sumo In Plant Defence Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fifty shades of SUMO: its role in immunity and at the fulcrum of the growth–defence balance

Verma

Croley

Sadanandom

2018

Molecular Plant Pathology

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The sessile nature of plants requires them to cope with an ever-changing environment. Effective adaptive responses require sophisticated cellular mechanisms at the post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. Post-translational modification by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins is emerging as a key player in these adaptive responses. SUMO conjugation can rapidly change the overall fate of target proteins by altering their stability or interaction with partner proteins or DNA. SUMOylation entails an enzyme cascade that leads to the activation, conjugation and ligation of SUMO to lysine residues of target proteins. In addition to their SUMO processing activities, SUMO proteases also possess de-conjugative activity capable of cleaving SUMO from target proteins, providing reversibility and buffering to the pathway. These proteases play critical roles in the maintenance of the SUMO machinery in equilibrium. We hypothesize that SUMO proteases provide the all-important substrate specificity within the SUMO system. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the role of SUMO in plant innate immunity. SUMOylation also overlaps with multiple growth-promoting and defence-related hormone signalling pathways, and hence is pivotal for the maintenance of the growth-defence balance. This review aims to highlight the intricate molecular mechanisms utilized by SUMO to regulate plant defence and to stabilize the growth-defence equilibrium.

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Arabidopsis HFR1 Is a Potential Nuclear Substrate Regulated by the Xanthomonas Type III Effector XopDXcc8004

Cited by 27 publications

References 48 publications

Identification of Bradyrhizobium elkanii Genes Involved in Incompatibility with Soybean Plants Carrying the Rj4 Allele

Identification of Bradyrhizobium elkanii Genes Involved in Incompatibility with Soybean Plants Carrying the Rj4 Allele

Behind the lines–actions of bacterial type III effector proteins in plant cells

Fifty shades of SUMO: its role in immunity and at the fulcrum of the growth–defence balance

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