Aqueous Extract of <i>Phyllanthus niruri</i> Leaves Displays <i>In Vitro</i> Antioxidant Activity and Prevents the Elevation of Oxidative Stress in the Kidney of Streptozotocin‐Induced Diabetic Male Rats

Pektaş

et al. 2016

Arch biol sci (Beogr)

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by high blood glucose levels due to the absence of secretion of insulin or its inefficient use in the body. In this study, we investigated how resveratrol administration affects the renal functions and pro-inflammatory signaling pathway components in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male Wistar rats. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: (1) control/vehicle; (2) control/20 mg/kg resveratrol; (3) diabetic/vehicle; and (4) diabetic/20 mg/kg resveratrol. In addition to renal glucose, lipid, angiopoietin-1 (ANG-1), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), erythropoietin (EPO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) content, the gene expressions of pro-inflammatory markers, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2) like-2 (Nrf2), and the protein contents of interleukins-1β,6,8 (IL-1β,6,8) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were analyzed using qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. The rats in the diabetes group demonstrated significantly lower terminal body weight and renal ANG-1, but significantly higher renal glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, ADMA and MDA concentrations. Diabetes triggered inflammation in kidney tissues, reflected as an increase in NGAL level. The renal inflammation observed in the diabetes group was associated with significant upregulation of components of the pro-inflammatory pathway, iNOS, NF-κB, Nrf2, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α. To some extent, resveratrol administration reversed the diabetes-induced changes in renal tissues, suggesting that resveratrol partially protected from diabetes-induced renal failure due to its restorative activities in tissue inflammation.Abbreviations ADMA − asymmetric dimethylarginine; ANG-1 − angiopoietin-1; Diab -diabetic; EPO − erythropoietin; GAPDH − glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HRP − horseradish peroxidase; iNOS −inducible nitric oxide synthase; 6,6,8; MDA -malondialdehyde; NGAL − neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; NF-κB − nuclear factor kappa B; NO − nitric oxide; Nrf2 − nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2) like-2; qRT-PCR − quantitative real-time PCR; Res -resveratrol; STZ -streptozotocin; TNF-α − tumor necrosis factor-α Author's contributions: HBK, MBP and SK did the practical research work. GP and GS helped during experimental work and in writing the manuscript. MBP was responsible for the drafting of the manuscript, GS made study conception and design as well as critical revisions to the manuscript.

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Diabetes-induced renal failure is associated with tissue inflammation and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin: Effects of resveratrol

Pektaş

et al. 2016

Arch biol sci (Beogr)

“…(25) This was in accordance with the current phytochemical screening results, which detected different phytochemical contents. Based on the total phenol content assay in this study, it was also revealed that P. niruri contained high phenol content and the highest total phenol content was obtained using rutin as equivalent, with the value of TPC was 424.29 µg RE/mg extract.…”

Section: Frap Activitysupporting

confidence: 91%

Antioxidant Activity of Phyllanthus niruri Extract, Rutin and Quercetin

et al. 2017

BACKGROUND: Normal metabolism of oxygen and exogenous factors constantly generate free radicals which could be harmful to the human body. Human need antioxidants to provide protection against free radicals, thus plants are a good source of natural antioxidants. Phyllanthus niruri (P. niruri) has been known to possess several medicinal properties and contain numerous active phytochemical. In this research, we conducted phytochemical screening and antioxidant assay of P. niruri extract along with the compounds rutin and quercetin, which are flavonoids possessing medicinal properties. This study was conducted to determine P. niruri, rutin and quercetin as antioxidant. METHODS:In this study, qualitative phytochemical screening was performed to detect phenol, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, steroid/triterpenoid, terpenoid and alkaloid in P. niruri extract. Antioxidant analysis of P. niruri, rutin and quercetin was conducted using total measured phenolic content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. RESULTS:The study revealed that P. niruri extract contained saponin, phenol, flavonoid and tannin based on phytochemical screening. In DPPH and ABTS assays quercetin possessed highest antioxidant activity with IC 50 value of 0.55 and 1.17 µg/ml respectively. Meanwhile, P. niruri extract showed the highest FRAP activity which was 373.95 µM Fe(II)/µg extract. Rutin possessed the lowest antioxidant activity in all antioxidant assays. CONCLUSION:This study confirmed that P. niruri extract and quercetin have great potential as a natural antioxidant source. KEYWORDS

“…P. niruri is a wide-spread tropical plant, belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family, which has been widely used in Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of bronchitis, anemia, leprosy and asthma [162]. Many studies have shown its antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo [163]. In fact, its high flavonoid and polyphenol content leads to ROS scavenging and chelating transition metal ion activities, which play pivotal roles in preventing the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins and in ameliorating the inflammatory condition.…”

Section: Plant-derived Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease—Potential Therapeutic Role of Minerals, Vitamins and Plant-Derived Metabolites

Rapa

Iorio

Campiglia

et al. 2019

IJMS

275

208

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a debilitating pathology with various causal factors, culminating in end stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation. The progression of CKD is closely associated with systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, which are responsible for the manifestation of numerous complications such as malnutrition, atherosclerosis, coronary artery calcification, heart failure, anemia and mineral and bone disorders, as well as enhanced cardiovascular mortality. In addition to conventional therapy with anti-inflammatory and antioxidative agents, growing evidence has indicated that certain minerals, vitamins and plant-derived metabolites exhibit beneficial effects in these disturbances. In the current work, we review the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of various agents which could be of potential benefit in CKD/ESRD. However, the related studies were limited due to small sample sizes and short-term follow-up in many trials. Therefore, studies of several anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents with long-term follow-ups are necessary.