Aqueous‐enzymatic extraction of plum kernel oil

Abstract

An aqueous-enzymatic extraction process of plum kernel oil was investigated on a laboratory scale, varying several processing parameters, with main emphasis on the oil yield. Efficient recovery of oil was related to three operations: pretreatment, enzymatic reaction and separation of oil. Maximum oil yield of about 70% (estimated by the Soxhler method) was obtained at an enzyme concentration of 0.So/o, extraction temperature of 45"C, pH 4.5, treatment time of 2 h and dilution ratio of 1 : 4. The aqueous-enzymatic extraction did not have any determining effect on the fatty acid composition, tocopherol composition, iodine value and saponification value. The free fatty acid content was higher, while the phosphatide content and peroxide value were lower in the oil extracted by the aqueous-enzymatic process as compared to the Soxhler extracted samples.WaBrig-enzymatische Extraktion von Pflaumenkernol. Die wa0rig-enzymatische Extraktion von Pflaumenkernol wurde unter Laborbedingungen, bei unterschiedlichen technologischen Parametern mit Schwerpunkt auf den Olertrag untersucht. Eine effektive Olgewinnung basiert auf drei Behandlungen: Vorbehandlung, enzymatische Reaktion und Olseparation. Der maximale Olertrag von etwa 70% (bestimmt nach der Soxhler Methode) wurde bei einer Enzymkonzentration von 0,5%, einer Extraktionstemperatur von 4 5 T , einem pH-Wert von 4,5, einer Behandlungszeit von 2 h und einem Verdiinnungsverhaltnis von 1 : 4 erhalten. Die waBrig-enzymatische Extraktion hatte keine bedeutenden Effekte auf die Fettsaureund Tocopherolzusammensetzung und auf die Jod-und Saponifikationszahl. Der Gehalt an freien Fettsauren war hoher, wobei der Phosphatidgehalt und die Peroxidzahl in durch wa0rig-enzymatische Behandlung extrahierten Olen niedriger waren als in den nach Soxhler extrahierten Proben.

Composition of tocochromanols in the kernels recovered from plum pits: the impact of the varieties and species on the potential utility value for industrial application

“…The predominant homologue in each of the studied sample of plum kernels was γ-T ( Table 1). The same observation was reported in previous studies in kernel oils recovered from plum pits [21][22][23]. In fruit kernels and seeds of plants belonging to the Rosaceae family, the γ-T constitutes in average 87 % in pears (Pyrus communis L.), 88 % in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) and up to 93 % in apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.) [28][29][30].…”

“…The same identification approach of four tocopherols and α-T3 in kernel oils recovered from two cultivars of plums (P. domestica), and absence of β-T in wild plum (Prunus spinosa L.), was reported by Matthaeus and Özcan [22]. In other studies, only the presence of α-T, γ-T and δ-T in kernel oil obtained from plums (P. domestica) was reported [21,23]. The predominant homologue in each of the studied sample of plum kernels was γ-T ( Table 1).…”

“…According to our knowledge, only three studies were partially focused on tocochromanols composition in oil recovered from plum kernels [21][22][23]. Moreover, except one study, in which three cultivars of plums were considered [22], the properties of plum varieties and variation among them were not taken into consideration.…”

Enzyme‐assisted water‐extraction of oil and protein from rice bran

“…A rice bran-to-water ratio of 2:10 was found to be adequate. Picuric-Jovanovic et al 22 mentioned that the extraction yields were dependent on the ratios, indicating that the accessibility of enzymes to the cell walls was more effective at lower ratios. …”

A comparison of commercial enzymes for the aqueous enzymatic extraction of corn oil from corn germ

“…In 2001, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency issued stricter guidelines for hexane emissions by vegetable oil extraction facilities (4), providing new incentives to develop alternative methods of edible oil extraction. A number of aqueous (5,6), aqueous enzymatic (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18), and enzyme-assisted solvent extraction (19) methods have been developed, but the current consensus is that hexane extraction is still much less expensive than any of these alternative approaches. Other approaches to replace hexane have focused on using safer solvents such as ethanol (20,21) or vegetable oil itself (22) as extracting solvents.…”