Aqueous chemistry of chlorine:  chemistry, analysis, and environmental fate of reactive oxidant species

Jolley, R.L.; Carpenter, James H.

doi:10.2172/5505533

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Jolley and Carpenter (1982) quoted data from Haag (W. Haag, Swiss Federal Institute of Water Resources and Pollution Control, Dubenforf, Switzerland, personal communication to Jolley and Carpenter, 1982) using a kinetic model that showed that from a 2–mg Cl/L solution containing equimolar ammonia concentrations, monochloramine formation was complete in at least 17 min, with total residual chlorine halved and decreasing to one‐third after 1 h.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Snoeyink and Markus (1974) determined that nitrified secondarily treated effluents dosed with 3.1 mg/L chlorine and subjected to prevailing sunlight and wind had half-lives of 8 to 28 min, whereas in laboratory tests without stirring and sunlight, half-lives were 10 to 30 min. Jolley and Carpenter (1982) quoted data from Haag (W. Haag, Swiss Federal Institute of Water Resources and Pollution Control, Dubenforf, Switzerland, personal communication to Jolley and Carpenter, 1982) using a kinetic model that showed that from a 2-mg Cl/L solution containing equimolar ammonia concentrations, monochloramine formation was complete in at least 17 min, with total residual chlorine halved and decreasing to one-third after 1 h.…”

Section: Oclmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Short‐Term Guideline Values for Chlorine in Freshwaters

Batley

Adams

Simpson

2021

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The current Australian and New Zealand default guideline value of 3 µg Cl/L for total residual chlorine in freshwaters is largely based on acute data converted to chronic data using a default acute to chronic ratio of 10, without consideration of chlorine decomposition. Given the rapid decomposition of chlorine, initially as hypochlorite and then as chloramine, it is appropriate to consider a guideline value based on short‐term (acute) toxicity rather than one based on longer‐term chronic data, as has been recommended for chlorine in marine waters. The literature on the fate of chlorine in drinking water discharged to freshwaters and on the ecotoxicity of total residual chlorine has been reviewed, and on the basis of this, revised default guideline values were derived for both hypochlorite and chloramine in freshwater using a species sensitivity distribution of toxicity data. The values for 95% species protection were 7 and 9 µg Cl/L as total residual chlorine, respectively. The former would apply to any total residual chlorine‐containing effluent, but in the case of drinking water where dechlorination has been undertaken, the chloramine‐based default guideline value is likely to be more appropriate. Both are likely to be conservative because they were largely based on toxicity testing under continuous flow‐through conditions. They will apply at the edge of the mixing zone, and the variable receiving water concentration at this point might best be determined from a time‐weighted average total residual chlorine concentration. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1341–1352. © 2021 SETAC

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Oclmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short‐Term Guideline Values for Chlorine in Freshwaters

Batley

Adams

Simpson

2021

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Such difference in chlorine demand was mainly attributed to the higher 2 h-chlorine demand of chlorine gas. The initial chlorine demand is caused by inorganic reducing compounds such as Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , and NO 2 in water, and it can vary in water quality [15,34]. In the sample with TOC 1.07 mg/L, the 2 h-chlorine demand of chlorine gas was very low and at a similar level to that of OSG chlorines.…”

Section: Chlorine Demand and Decay Ratementioning

confidence: 92%

Comparison of disinfectants for drinking water: chlorine gas vs. on-site generated chlorine

Choi

Byun

Jang

et al. 2021

Environmental Engineering Research

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The feasibility of on-site generated chlorine (OSG chlorine) as an alternative disinfectant to chlorine gas was evaluated in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) removal, disinfection efficiency, biofilm control, disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation, chlorine decay rate, and volatility. Chlorine gas decreased the pH of the treated water by -0.1 per mg/L of free available chlorine (FAC) while OSG chlorine increased the pH by + 0.06 per mg/L. OSG chlorine with more hypochlorite ion (OCl-) at higher pH was less effective in the inactivation of suspended bacteria and TOC removal but remained in the distribution system longer and controlled biofilm formation more effectively than chlorine gas. The DBPs formation by OSG chlorine was not significantly different from that by chlorine gas except for the reduction of Haloacetonitriles. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) was more volatile than OCl-, indicating the lower volatility of FAC in the OSG chlorine-treated water. Two types of OSG systems, “Mixed oxidants” and OSG hypochlorite, did not show any significant difference in disinfection, DBPs formation, and chlorine decay rate (paired t-test, p = 0.40, 0.11 ~ 0.70, > 0.42). A significant synergy effect by oxidants other than FAC cannot be expected in the use of “mixed oxidants” at a water treatment plant.

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“…Incorporation of halogen into organic compounds takes place through three possible reaction pathways namely oxidation, substitution and addition. Oxidation may be the dominant reaction occurring between oxidant and organic matter in water [10]. However, addition and substitution are the reactions that lead to the formation of more organohalogen byproducts [11].…”

Section: Origin Of Organohalogen By-products In Watermentioning

confidence: 99%