Aqueous air cathodes and catalysts for metal–air batteries

Long‐Term Performance of a Zinc–Silver/Air Hybrid Flow Battery with a Bifunctional Gas‐Diffusion Electrode at High Current Density

“…In this context, the development of bifunctional catalysts which enable both, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) during charging and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) during discharging, has received recent attention. [1,2,[11][12][13] However, even with a high-performing bifunctional catalyst in the zinc-air battery, its expected energy efficiency would be close to 65%, [14] necessitating further improvements for competitive implementation. Balamurugan et al [15] recently reported a promising bifunctional gas diffusion electrode (GDE) based on a mixture of cobalt and silver catalyst for application in metal-air batteries.…”

Metal–air batteries for powering robots

“…18 Currently, the development of new materials and process technologies has led to the discovery of efficient bifunctional catalysts, electrolytes, and electrodes, addressing the above-mentioned issues and enabling the commercialization of various MABs (e.g., hearing aids and navigation lights). [19][20][21][22] Furthermore, the outstanding mechanical performance of exible MABs expands the application eld of battery devices to various complex working scenarios, including clothing, highly exible medical instruments, and biomimetic robots. [23][24][25] Herein, initially we analyze and compare the performance of MABs with LIBs.…”

“…, hearing aids and navigation lights). 19–22 Furthermore, the outstanding mechanical performance of flexible MABs expands the application field of battery devices to various complex working scenarios, including clothing, highly flexible medical instruments, and biomimetic robots. 23–25…”

Performance Comparison of Paper‐ and Cotton‐Based Al‐Air Batteries without Catalysts for Low‐Cost Portable Micro Devices

“…At the cathode, ORR (oxygen reduction reaction) and OER (oxygen evolution reaction) can proceed via a four‐electron reaction pathway including various intermediates and suitable mechanisms [21,22] . For ORR, oxygen is reduced to hydroxide ions under the precious metals including the four‐electron transfer such as Pt catalyst according to Equation 3: [11] $$$\vcenter{\openup.5em\halign{$\displaystyle{#}$\cr {\rm O}{_{2}}+{\rm 2H}{_{2}}{\rm O}+{\rm 4e}{^{- }}\rightarrow {\rm 4OH}{^{- }}{\rm \char44 }\ {\rm E}{^{0}}=0.40\mskip4mu {\rm V}\hfill\cr}}$$$ …”

“…At the cathode, ORR (oxygen reduction reaction) and OER (oxygen evolution reaction) can proceed via a four-electron reaction pathway including various intermediates and suitable mechanisms. [21,22] For ORR, oxygen is reduced to hydroxide ions under the precious metals including the fourelectron transfer such as Pt catalyst according to Equation (3): [11] O…”