Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Sparingly Soluble, Volatile, and Unstable Substances and Interpretation and Use of Data

Rufli, Hans; Fisk, Peter; Girling, A.E.; King, Joe M.; Länge, R.; Lejeune, X.; Stelter, N.; Stevens, C. V.; Suteau, P.; Tapp, John F.; Thus, J.L.G.; Versteeg, Donald J.; Niessen, H.

doi:10.1006/eesa.1997.1612

Cited by 57 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Justification for describing this solvent concentration as appropriate was obtained mainly from historical data for acute toxicity thresholds [3], which are likely to underestimate subacute and longerterm adverse effects of solvents in ecotoxicological tests. Effects of solvents on aquatic test organisms can occur either through direct interaction or indirectly by promoting microbial growth or causing oxygen depletion through biodegradation [3,4] some of which may be adverse or confound the interpretation of test data. Dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) are two widely used solvents for aquatic toxicity tests.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of the solvent vehicles dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide for establishing transcriptomic endpoints in the zebrafish embryo toxicity test

Turner

Sawle

Fenske

et al. 2012

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Current aquatic chemical testing guidelines recognize that solvents can potentially interfere with the organism or environmental conditions of aquatic ecotoxicity tests and therefore recommend concentration limits for their use. These recommendations are based on evidence of adverse solvent effects in apical level tests. The growing importance of subapical and chronic endpoints in future test strategies, however, suggests that the limits may need reassessment. To address this concern, microarrays were used to determine the effects of organic solvents, dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), on the transcriptome of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Embryos were exposed for 48 h to a range of concentrations between 0.025 and 32.0 ml/L. Effects on survival and development after 24 and 48 h were assessed microscopically, with no effects on mortality or morphology up to 2.0 and 16.0 ml/L for DMF and DMSO. However, analysis of 48-h embryonic RNA revealed large numbers of differentially expressed genes at concentrations well below the 0.1 ml/L solvent limit level. The enrichment of differentially expressed genes was found for metabolic, developmental, and other key biological processes, some of which could be linked to observed morphological effects at higher solvent concentrations. These findings emphasize the need to remove or lower as far as possible the concentrations of solvent carriers in ecotoxicology tests.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of the solvent vehicles dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide for establishing transcriptomic endpoints in the zebrafish embryo toxicity test

Turner

Sawle

Fenske

et al. 2012

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…The physico-chemical properties and aquatic toxicity of a range of solvents have also been reviewed by ECETOC (1996) and Rufli et al (1998). There are no studies available which investigate the toxicity of solvents in molluscs systematically, however, in most of the published studies (reviewed in Lagadic et al, Oehlmann et al, 2007 for pulmonate and prosobranch snails, respectively) ethanol has been used.…”

Section: Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Detailed Review Paper (DRP) on Molluscs Life-cycle Toxicity Testing

2014

OECD Series on Testing and Assessment

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No.107 Preservative treated wood to the environment for wood held in storage after treatment and for wooden commodities that are not cover and are not in contact with ground. (2009) No.108 Report of the validation of the Hershberger Bioassay (weanling model) (2009) No. 109 Literature review on the 21-Day Fish Assay and the Fish Short-Term Reproduction Assay (2009) No. 110 Report of the validation peer review for the weanling Hershberger Bioassay and agreement of the working of national coordinators of the test guidelines programme on the follow-up of this report (2009) No. 111 Report of the Expert Consultation to Evaluate an Estrogen Receptor Binding Affinity Model for Hazard Identification (2009) No. 112 The 2007 OECD List of High Production Volume Chemicals (2009) No. 113 Report of The Focus Session On Current And Forthcoming Approaches For Chemical Safety And Animal Welfare (2010) No. 114 Performance Assessment of Different Cytotoxic and Cytostatic Measures for the In Vitro Micronucleus Test (MNVIT): Summary of results in the collaborative trial (2010) No. 115 Guidance Document on the Weanling Hershberger Bioassay in Rats: A Short-term Screening Assay for (Anti)E About the OECDThe Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an intergovernmental organisation in which representatives of 31 industrialised countries in North and South America, Europe and the Asia and Pacific region, as well as the European Commission, meet to co-ordinate and harmonise policies, discuss issues of mutual concern, and work together to respond to international problems. Most of the OECD's work is carried out by more than 200 specialised committees and working groups composed of member country delegates. Observers from several countries with special status at the OECD, and from interested international organisations, attend many of the OECD's workshops and other meetings. Committees and working groups are served by the OECD Secretariat, located in Paris, France, which is organised into directorates and divisions. IV.Although there are some similarities between the endocrine systems of vertebrates and molluscs, the lack of knowledge about how EDCs act in molluscs currently prevents the use of mollusc-based tests as surrogates for tests with aquatic vertebrates such as fish.V. Given our relatively poor understanding of molluscan endocrinology, it is not currently possible to recommend the development of mollusc-based screening tests for the identification of EDCs. On the other hand, we are now in a position to start standardising apical mollusc tests involving partial or full lifecycle exposures. In principle, these are expected to be responsive to any chemicals (EDCs or nonEDCs) with activity in molluscs, even though they may not provide diagnostic information on modes of action (MoA). VI.The review recommends three apical test procedures for optimisation and possible validation. The first is a partial life cycle (PLC) test with the freshwater gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum, the second is a full li...

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“…Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) is commonly used in fish toxicity tests as a solvent for several water-insoluble substances (Rufli et al 1998;Rayburn et al 1991). DMSO is a colourless hygroscopic liquid that is synthesized by the oxidation of dimethyl sulphide, or originates as a waste product from wood pulp processing.…”

Section: Dmso Auxiliary Substance Toxicity Fish Embryos and Larvaementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carrier solvents may also have toxic effects on organisms (Hallare et al 2006;Ball 1966;Rayburn and Fisher 1997;Benville 1968). Hence, it was necessary to set guidelines that will describe the types and the maximum allowable concentrations of the solvent to be used in experimental systems that will cause no significant impact on the observed results (Hallare et al 2006).Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) is commonly used in fish toxicity tests as a solvent for several water-insoluble substances (Rufli et al 1998;Rayburn et al 1991). DMSO is a colourless hygroscopic liquid that is synthesized by the oxidation of dimethyl sulphide, or originates as a waste product from wood pulp processing.…”

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confidence: 99%

Early Ontogeny, Growth and Mortality of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) at Low Concentrations of Dimethyl Sulfoxide

et al. 2009

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Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) is an important polar aprotic solvent, less toxic than other members of this class. Because of its excellent solvating power, DMSO is frequently used as solvent for chemical reactions involving salts, especially Finkelstein reactions and other nucleophilic substitutions. Furthermore, DMSO is used as auxiliary substance in toxicity tests on aquatic organisms, usually at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.5 ml·l -1 . The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of DMSO on early development, growth and mortality of early life stages in common carp. Tests were performed from fertilized egg to the end of the larval period with continuous exposure to DMSO at concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 ml·l -1 . Mortality of embryos and larvae, intensity of development and growth, weight and occurrence of abnormalities were analyzed. DMSO exposure at all the tested concentrations did not result in any lethal effects or abnormalities compared to the control over the entire test period (29 days). Growth indicators were similar in DMSO treated (at concentrations of 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 ml·l ) and control groups. However, mean body weight (35 ± 9 mg) of larvae exposed to the highest DMSO concentration (5 ml·l -1 ) tested was significantly lower compared to the control (45 ± 14 mg). DMSO, auxiliary substance, toxicity, fish embryos and larvaeAquatic toxicology tests are designed for readily water soluble substances. However, due to the occurrence of several water-insoluble substances, the use of various solvents is needed. A major concern in toxicology studies is the choice of appropriate solvents. Carrier solvents may also have toxic effects on organisms (Hallare et al. 2006;Ball 1966;Rayburn and Fisher 1997;Benville 1968). Hence, it was necessary to set guidelines that will describe the types and the maximum allowable concentrations of the solvent to be used in experimental systems that will cause no significant impact on the observed results (Hallare et al. 2006).Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) is commonly used in fish toxicity tests as a solvent for several water-insoluble substances (Rufli et al. 1998;Rayburn et al. 1991). DMSO is a colourless hygroscopic liquid that is synthesized by the oxidation of dimethyl sulphide, or originates as a waste product from wood pulp processing. Its chemical structure creates extraordinary properties. The sulphur-oxygen bond determines the polar nature of DMSO with the capability to dissolve sparingly soluble substances, and it is completely miscible in water, common organic solvents and unsaturated hydrocarbons (Willhite and Katz 1984). Furthermore, the chemical structure of DMSO enables it to penetrate membrane barriers by increasing the permeability without affecting the morphologic characteristics of the skin and body membranes. Therefore, DMSO acts as a skin penetration enhancer for drugs and other substances (Kligman 1965a; Kligman 1965b;Jacob et al. 1964;Stoughton and Fritsch 1964). The main applications and properties of DMSO were summarized in reviews...

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Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Sparingly Soluble, Volatile, and Unstable Substances and Interpretation and Use of Data

Cited by 57 publications

References 14 publications

Implications of the solvent vehicles dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide for establishing transcriptomic endpoints in the zebrafish embryo toxicity test

Implications of the solvent vehicles dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide for establishing transcriptomic endpoints in the zebrafish embryo toxicity test

Detailed Review Paper (DRP) on Molluscs Life-cycle Toxicity Testing

Early Ontogeny, Growth and Mortality of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) at Low Concentrations of Dimethyl Sulfoxide

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