Aquatic toxicity evaluations of PFOS and PFOA for five standard marine endpoints

Bioaccumulation, Biodistribution, Toxicology and Biomonitoring of Organofluorine Compounds in Aquatic Organisms

“…Regarding the development of Mitilus galloprovincialis embryos, the EC 50 /96 h was 1.1 mg/L for PFOS and 12 mg/L for PFOA; while regarding survival, the LC 50 /48 h values were 1.07 for PFOS and 9.98 for PFOA [141].…”

“…As a result, POSF (EC 50 /72 h was 1.074 mg/L) was more toxic than PFOS (EC 50 /72 h: 1.795 mg/L) [17]. In another study on P. lividus embryos, and with different biological effects taken into consideration (retarded plutei, skeletal malformations; blocked gastrula or blastula [17] vs. growth inhibition [16]), and EC 50 /96 h for PFOS (20 mg/L) and PFOA (110 mg/L) was determined [16], while EC/LC 50 /96 h levels for PFOS and PFOA were 1.7 mg/L and 19 mg/L, respectively, in sea urchin embryos of Strongylocentrotus pur-puratus [141]. Similarly in crustacean Siriella armata Acute EC 50 /96 h values for PFOS was 6.9 mg/L and for PFOA was 15.5 mg/L [16], while in another mysid species Americamysis bahia the EC/LC 50 /96 h levels for PFOS and PFOA were 5 and 24 mg/L, respectively [141].…”

“…Therefore, also in other organisms, studies must be based on the most representative response arising from the biological process more sensitive to PFC-related stress. For example, in the bioluminescent dinoflagellates Pyrocystis lunula treated with PFOA (EC 50 /24 h: 18 mg/L) and PFOS (EC 50 /24 h: 4.9 mg/L), the chosen endpoint was a lower emission of light (bioluminescence output) compared to a control corresponding to an adverse response of the organism to chemicals [141].…”

PFAS Molecules: A Major Concern for the Human Health and the Environment

“…Even higher concentrations were attributed to sharks and rays species from Mediterranean Sea, wherein the dominant PFTrDA was detected at levels as high as 27.1 ng/g ww [135]. Importantly, while first acute toxicity studies conducted on marine invertebrates suggest lethal concentrations in the range of 1.1-24 mg/L [136], they appear not to be adequate to predict long-term and sub lethal effects of PFAS requiring the design of novel studies assessing chronic exposure of aquatic organisms. In this regard, one very recent example is represented by a work wherein the long-term effects of the recently introduced compound known as C604 were investigated on the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (ranging from 100 ng/L and 1000 ng/L) for 7 and 21 days.…”

Ultralong-lifetime Ti/RuO2–IrO2@Pt anodes with a strong metal–support interaction for efficient electrochemical mineralization of perfluorooctanoic acid

“…In the past few decades, PFOA has been widely used in lubricants, fire retardants, surfactants, leather textiles, Teflon nonstick coating, etc ., and it remains in the environment, which has a potential hazardous impact on human health. 49,50 It has been widely detected in various environmental media, like water, air, dust, sediment, and wildlife due to its persistence and bio-accumulation. 51 Therefore, developing an effective technology for the degradation and mineralization of PFOA is important and urgent.…”