Aquatic Hazard Assessment of the Toxic Fraction From the Effluent of a Petrochemical Plant

Dorn, Philip B.; Compernolle, Remi van; Meyer, Charles L.; Crossland, N. O.

doi:10.1897/1552-8618(1991)10[691:ahaott]2.0.co;2

Cited by 12 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…In fact, the range was from 1.45 to 8.14. This finding and similar findings [72,115,119] are in accord with principle 6 of Chapman et al [116] for the use of safety factors: ''Unnecessary overprotection is not useful. Safety factors for individual extrapolations (e.g., laboratory to field) should not exceed a factor of 10 and may be much less.''…”

Section: Comparisons To Field Conditionssupporting

confidence: 87%

Whole effluent toxicity testing—usefulness, level of protection, and risk assessment

Chapman¹

2000

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

163

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The general status of whole effluent toxicity (WET) tests is assessed relative to their generally accepted purpose of identifying, characterizing, and eliminating toxic effects of effluents on aquatic resources. Although WET tests are useful, they are not perfect tools (no perfect tools exist). Imperfections include the innate variability of these tests, due both to biotic and anthropogenic factors; the reality of species differences both between the laboratory and the field and within the field; and differences between the laboratory and the receiving environment. Whole effluent toxicity tests may be overprotective (because of their conservative nature, the absence of environmental and ecological processes that could ameliorate exposure, and sensitivity to noncontaminant effects), underprotective (because the most sensitive species cannot be tested, multiple stresses tend to be present in the receiving environment, and failure to account for food chain effects or all possible endpoints), or offer an uncertain level of protection (intermittent doses and mixtures in the environment, adaptations, and hormesis). The implication of hormesis and inverted U‐shaped dose responses for WET testing are reviewed in particular detail. Comparisons to field conditions indicate that WET tests are not reliable predictors of effects or lack of effects in the receiving environment. Whole effluent toxicity tests are only the first stage in a risk assessment and as such identify hazard, not risk. Identification of risk requires discarding the concept of independent applicability. The appropriate use of WET tests is identified in the context of their advantages and disadvantages.

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Section: Comparisons To Field Conditionssupporting

confidence: 87%

Whole effluent toxicity testing—usefulness, level of protection, and risk assessment

Chapman¹

2000

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

163

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“…Marine data are sparse in comparison with the amount of data available from freshwater testing, with most of the toxicity information on the same species. Dorn and Rodgers [1], Dorn et al [2], and Ward [9] have assessed the toxicity of calcium to M. bahia. McCulloch et al [10] and Douglas and Horne [11] evaluated the major essential ions and their associated toxicity to M. bahia.…”

Section: Review Of Toxicity Of Common Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One can also assess the cause(s) of toxicity of an effluent by evaluating the concentration of the major ions that compose the effluent's TDS, using the freshwater matrices salinity/toxicity program model previously discussed [8]. Although a marine model similar to the freshwater matrices salinity/toxicity program presently does not exist, several studies presented earlier may assist investigators in the TIE assessment of the major ions on estuarine and marine organisms until this model is developed [1,2,7,9,[10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Identification Of Ion Imbalance As a Source Of Wet In Toxicimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…effluents and receiving waters, yielding a testing solution that is physiologically intolerable for the test species. Dorn and Rodgers [1] and Dorn et al [2], who identified calcium in a process stream causing toxicity to the mysid shrimp Mysidopsis bahia, showed the phenomenon of effluent toxicity due to ion imbalance. Although few literature sources compile the general toxicological responses of various aquatic organisms to anions and cations, a good listing of toxicity of common ions to freshwater and marine organisms can be found in American Petroleum Institute [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Major Ion Toxicity in Effluents: A Review With Permitting Recommendations

Goodfellow¹,

Ausley²,

Burton³

et al. 2000

Environ Toxicol Chem

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Effluent toxicity testing methods have been well defined, but for the most part, these methods do not attempt to segregate the effects of active ionic concentrations and ion imbalances upon test and species performances. The role of various total dissolved solids in effluents on regulatory compliance has emerged during the last few years and has caused confusion in technical assessment and in permitting and compliance issues. This paper assesses the issue of ionic strength and ion imbalance, provides a brief summary of applicable data, presents several case studies demonstrating successful tools to address toxicity resulting from salinity and ion imbalance, and provides recommendations for regulatory and compliance options to manage discharges with salinity/ion imbalance issues. Effluent toxicity resulting from inorganic ion imbalance and the ion concentration of the effluent is pervasive in permitted discharge from many industrial process and municipal discharges where process streams are concentrated, adjusted, or modified. This paper discusses procedures that use weight-of-evidence approaches to identify ion imbalance toxicity, including direct measurement, predictive toxicity models for freshwater, exchange resins, mock effluents, and ion imbalance toxicity with tolerant/ susceptible text species. Cost-effective waste treatment control options for a facility whose effluent is toxic because of total dissolved solids (TDS) or because of specific ion(s) are scarce at best. Depending on the discharge situation, TDS toxicity may not be viewed with the same level of concern as other, more traditional, toxicants. These discharge situations often do not require the conservative safety factors required by other toxicants. Selection of the alternative regulatory solutions discussed in this paper may be beneficial, especially because they do not require potentially expensive or high-energy-using treatment options that may be ineffective control options. The information presented is intended to provide a better understanding of the role of ion imbalance in aquatic toxicity testing and to provide various recommendations that should be considered in addressing these issues.

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“…Nevertheless, some studies have identified specific single ions as causative toxicants in marine effluents. Dorn and Rodgers [5] and Dorn et al [6] conducted studies that identified calcium as the likely toxicant to mysid shrimp. Douglas et al [7] conducted a toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) of an effluent from a petrochemical plant discharging to an estuary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Validation of Models Predicting the Toxicity of Major Seawater Ions to the Mysid Shrimp, Americamysis Bahia

Pillard¹,

DuFresne²,

Mickley³

2002

Environ Toxicol Chem

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The concentration and balance of major ions that comprise total dissolved solids (TDS) can influence the toxicity of effluents discharged to freshwater and marine environments. An additional complicating factor in waters released to saltwater systems is the effluent salinity since the toxicity of major ions changes with the salinity of the test solution. A study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of six major seawater ions (bicarbonate, borate, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sulfate) to the mysid shrimp, Americamysis bahia, at salinities of 10 and 20/1000. Logistic regression models were developed to predict organism survival at deficient and excess concentrations of the ions. Calcium and potassium caused significant mortality to mysid shrimp in both excess and deficient (relative to artificial seawater) solutions. Bicarbonate, borate, and magnesium displayed significant toxicity only in excess concentrations, while sulfate had no adverse impacts at any of the concentrations tested. As the salinity of the test solutions decreased, mysid shrimp tolerated increasingly lower calcium and potassium concentrations. Similarly, as salinity increased, the upper tolerance levels of calcium, potassium, and magnesium also increased. The models developed during these studies, and similar models developed by other researchers, were used to evaluate 11 actual effluents with unexplained toxicity that might be associated with TDS ions. The models correctly identified calcium as the primary toxicant in 9 of the 11 effluents. These results indicate the models can be used as an important tool to identify toxicity associated with major seawater ions.

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Aquatic Hazard Assessment of the Toxic Fraction From the Effluent of a Petrochemical Plant

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Whole effluent toxicity testing—usefulness, level of protection, and risk assessment

Whole effluent toxicity testing—usefulness, level of protection, and risk assessment

Major Ion Toxicity in Effluents: A Review With Permitting Recommendations

Development and Validation of Models Predicting the Toxicity of Major Seawater Ions to the Mysid Shrimp, Americamysis Bahia

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