Aquatic Exercise is as Effective as dry Land Training to Blood Pressure Reduction in Postmenopausal Hypertensive Women

Arca, Eduardo Aguilar; Martinelli, Bruno; Martin, Luís Cuadrado; Waisberg, César Becalel; Franco, Roberto Jorge da Silva

doi:10.1002/pri.1565

Cited by 45 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…For the water-exercise group, these findings agree with those of 2 previous studies of obese women and type 2 diabetes patients [23,36] but disagrees with another of obese women [24]. Finally for the dryland-exercise group, our results agree with our previous report [9][10][11], but one study found higher BP reduction [8].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…For the water-exercise group, our results agree with a previous study showing reduced glycated hemoglobin and triglyceride levels in patients with type 2 diabetes [36] but disagree with 2 other studies of overweight women [22,23]. Regarding lipid variables, we found no improvements in the water and dryland-exercise groups, which agrees with previous studies of overweight women (water training) [22,23] and obese subjects after Med and dryland HIIT [8][9][10].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Indeed, severely obese people may have been more attracted to the water ergocycle training. In the water-exercise group, our results on improved body mass (À6.3 kg), WC (À5.5 cm), and total (À4.9 kg) and trunk fat mass (À1.8 kg) are greater than in some studies [14,[22][23][24][25] but similar to those of Gappmaier et al [13]. The differences from the study of Greene et al could be due to the authors' use of moderate-intensity continuous exercise training (MICET), the absence of a diet component and a shorter training duration [14].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 77%

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Effect of aquatic interval training with Mediterranean diet counseling in obese patients: Results of a preliminary study

Boidin

Lapierre

Tanir

et al. 2015

Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 77%

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Effect of aquatic interval training with Mediterranean diet counseling in obese patients: Results of a preliminary study

Boidin

Lapierre

Tanir

et al. 2015

Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine

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“…In addition, we included studies on aerobic PA by hypertensive individuals, where the dose of activity was not possible to delineate, for example, a number of studies on walking where such detailed description of aerobic dose was not possible 39–43. Also, a number of other RCT studies including unspecified aerobic activity, such as water training,44 45 dance46 and soccer,47 were included in the analysis. In summary, the mean BP lowering effect of aerobic training in hypertensive patients, in the included RCT studies, was 10.8/4.7 mm Hg, with 3+ level of evidence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical activity and exercise lower blood pressure in individuals with hypertension: narrative review of 27 RCTs

et al. 2016

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Regular physical activity (PA) reduces the blood pressure (BP) of individuals with hypertension. The present review analysed the scientific evidence for the BP lowering effect of aerobic PA in 27 randomised controlled studies on individuals with hypertension, and shows that regular medium-to-high-intensity aerobic activity reduces the BP by a mean of 11/5 mm Hg (level of evidence, 3+). In addition, three randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on isometric (static) activity showed a BP reduction of similar magnitude in hypertensives; dynamic resistance training may show less effect, as shown in five available RCTs (level of evidence 2+). As both the prevalence of hypertension and physical inactivity are high and increasing in today's society, PA has a great role to play as a single (when indicated) or additive treatment for hypertension. Furthermore, as competitive athletes are getting older, it can be expected that more athletes at different competitive levels will have hypertension. Certain considerations must be applied regarding evaluation and treatment of hypertension in athletes. Eligibility for competitive sports may be affected if target organ damage (TOD) is present; however, an athlete with well-controlled BP, having no additional risk factors or TOD, is eligible for all sports.

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“…PWV reductions are often accompanied with a reduction in central and peripheral blood pressure, therefore a reduction in central blood pressure may precede changes in AS. Multiple studies [5,50,51] have all shown that that aquatic based exercise is as effective as land based exercise at reducing blood pressure.…”

Section: Aquatic Exercise Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Efficacy of Various Modalities to Improve Arterial Stiffness

Moore¹

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Evaluating the Efficacy of Different Modalities to Improve Arterial Stiffness Corey Moore Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with an increase in cardiovascular (CV) mortality, partially due to arterial stiffening, which can be measured non-invasively via pulse wave velocity (PWV). Arterial stiffness is a clinically relevant CV marker of mortality, an increase in PWV by only 1 SD is associated with an increased CV risk of 15%. Land based aerobic exercise, both chronic and acute, has previously been identified as an effective method for improving arterial health. Unfortunately, land based aerobic exercise is not feasible for all populations, therefore a more effective treatment modality must be elucidated. Aquatic exercise has previously been shown to be beneficial for reducing blood pressure, as well as PWV. Fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption has been shown to decrease CV mortality, although the mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated. We tested the following hypotheses: 1) 8 week of dietary intervention, with increased fruit and vegetable consumption, as well as decreased complex carbohydrate and decreased fat consumption, will improve arterial hemodynamics 2) 8 weeks of aquatic exercise intervention will improve the PWV in women with MetS. iii Acknowledgements: My time working on my Master of Science in Exercise Physiology has been trying and mentally stimulating time. There were times when I was pushed to my wits end, but I knew that I needed to persevere. My passion for learning, education, and medicine were some of my major motivators to push through, but that doesn't even come close to the support that I have received from my friends, family, and mentors. All of this support has pushed me to be the best that I can be and do everything to the best of my capabilities. First and foremost, I would like to sincerely express my gratitude to my advisor Dr. Paul Chantler. He pushed me to be my best with a unique amalgam of encouragement, thought provoking questions, and strange British phrases, most of which I still I am still unsure the meaning. I truly appreciate your patience with me as I developed my skills, knowledge, and confidence over the past 2 years.

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Aquatic Exercise is as Effective as dry Land Training to Blood Pressure Reduction in Postmenopausal Hypertensive Women

Abstract: This is a randomized controlled study that demonstrates the antihypertensive efficacy of aerobic aquatic exercise.

Cited by 45 publications

References 19 publications

Effect of aquatic interval training with Mediterranean diet counseling in obese patients: Results of a preliminary study

Effect of aquatic interval training with Mediterranean diet counseling in obese patients: Results of a preliminary study

Physical activity and exercise lower blood pressure in individuals with hypertension: narrative review of 27 RCTs

Evaluating the Efficacy of Various Modalities to Improve Arterial Stiffness

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