Approximating a far-field blast environment in an advanced blast simulator for explosion resistance testing

Gan, Edward Chern Jinn; Remennikov, Alexander; Ritzel, David V.; Uy, Brian

doi:10.1177/2041419620911133

Cited by 24 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…Second, the Friedlander wave-shape was used to define the shock wave. The wave shape has been found to match experimental data 18 and over-estimate pressures in the tail of the shock wave at pressures below 50% of the peak 71 . Third, the analysis is based on TNT explosions of an armored passenger-vehicle and ground personnel.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Several sources were used to tabulate the shock wave characteristics. Most of the results have been confirmed against testing from low-weight to nuclear explosions, although caution has been raised that not all parameters are accurately determined by the empirical relationships for small Z 16 , 18 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…If symmetry is assumed between a hemispherical and spherical charge, a doubling of the charge weight is predicted between spherical and hemispherical charges (β = 2.0). Gan et al 18 compared pressure at relatively large stand-off distances and found that β = 2 was accurate. Other blast testing found ground effects influenced the hemispherical shock wave and β = 1.8 was more reasonable closer to the detonation 19 , 20 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Injury and death to armored passenger-vehicle occupants and ground personnel from explosive shock waves

Viano¹

2023

Sci Rep

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This study evaluated the risks for injury and death to occupants from blast waves to the side and underbody of an armored passenger-vehicle and to ground personnel from free-field blast waves. The Kingery-Bulmash empirical relationships for explosive shock waves were augmented by the Swisdak empirical relations for stand-off distances up to Z = 39.8 m/kg1/3 to tabulate shock-wave characteristics using the Friedlander wave-shape. A 15 kg, hemispherical explosion was analyzed in detail for the shock wave velocity and compression of air behind the wave front. An armored SUV was analyzed with Z = 1.6 m/kg1/3 (4 m) standoff distance from pressure loading on the near-side, far-side and underbody. The rigid body displacement was 0.36 m and 7.8° yaw for a side loading. When a segment of the occupant compartment accelerates inward, there are risks for injury from the intrusion. Energy is transferred to the occupant by deformation of their body (Ed) and by velocity increasing the kinetic energy of the body region (Ek). Body deformation injures an occupant by exceeding the tolerable compression (crush mechanism) or exceeding the rate-dependent tolerance, which is defined by the rate times the extent of compression (viscous mechanism). The risk for injury and death to ground personnel was analyzed for free-field blast waves by stand-off distance and TNT weight. A 15 kg charge posed a 99% risk of death at 3.9 m, 50% risk at 5.2 m, 1% risk at 7.8 m and injury threshold at 8.2 m. A 100 kg charge posed a 99% risk of death at 8.5 m, 50% risk at 11.6 m, 1% risk at 17.3 m and injury threshold at 18.0 m. The study describes the steps to analyze blast loading of an armored passenger-vehicle for risks of occupant injury. It describes the steps to analyze injury risks to ground personnel from blast wave pressure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Injury and death to armored passenger-vehicle occupants and ground personnel from explosive shock waves

Viano¹

2023

Sci Rep

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“…Barik et al (2020) used a shock tube and studied the effect of bending pre-strain and pressure on the forming behavior of AA5052−H32 sheets. Gan et al (2020) demonstrated the advanced blast simulator that could generate a far-field blast environment accurately and suit high-precision and repeatable explosion testing of various building components. Kochavi et al (2020) designed a blast simulator that could simulate the damage to biological models from the blast environment generated by 3.5 kg of spherical TNT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of flow field in a blast simulator combined-driven by explosive charge and compressed gas

Chen

Ren

Ning³

et al. 2023

Front. Earth Sci.

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The flow field characteristics of blast simulators with the explosive-driven method and compression-driven method have been extensively investigated; however, limited effort has been made to the flow field in blast simulators combined-driven by explosive charge and compressed gas. In this paper, the finite volume method governed by the Navier–Stokes equation based on an explosive detonation and k-omega SST turbulence equation was used to analyze the flow field characteristics of blast simulators with three kinds of drive methods, namely, explosive-driven method, compression-driven method, and combined-driven method. The results show that the numerical method could simulate the flow field characteristics of the blast simulators with the explosive-driven method and compression-driven method accurately by comparing to the experimental data. Also, the influence of air turbulence on the explosion flow field cannot be neglected in the case of long running time. It is obtained that the combined-driven method could increase the pressure peak value of shock waves and extends positive pressure duration effectively, owing to the interaction of the shock waves generated from the explosive detonation and the rarefaction wave formed by rupturing the diaphragm. The first overpressure peak value, the second overpressure peak value, and the positive pressure duration obtained by the combined-driven method of 5 kg TNT and 0.3 MPa compressed gas were 1.669 times, 2.172 times, and 2.308 times more than those obtained by the explosive-driven method of 5 kg TNT, respectively. The maximum overpressure and positive pressure duration obtained by the combined-driven method of 5 kg TNT and 0.3 MPa compressed gas were 2.56 times and 1.162 times more than those obtained by the compression-driven method of 0.3 MPa compressed gas, respectively. Moreover, various shock wave environments could be simulated by controlling the charge mass of explosive charge and the initial pressure of compressed gas.

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“…With the rapid development of the economy, many important economic facilities are threatened by accidental explosions and terrorist attacks [ 3 ]. The shock tube is a device that can be used to simulate blast waves, which can test most materials and engineering structures [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Therefore, investigating the overpressure fields in shock tubes has important engineering significance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Overpressure Fields in a Shock Tube with Multi-Point Initiation

Chen

Ren²,

Zhao³

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Shock tubes can carry out dynamic mechanical impact tests on civil engineering structures. The current shock tubes mostly use an explosion with aggregate charge to obtain shock waves. Limited effort has been made to study the overpressure field in shock tubes with multi-point initiation. In this paper, the overpressure fields in a shock tube under the conditions of single-point initiation, multi-point simultaneous initiation, and multi-point delayed initiation have been analyzed by combining experiments and numerical simulations. The numerical results match well with the experimental data, which indicates that the computational model and method used can accurately simulate the blast flow field in a shock tube. For the same charge mass, the peak overpressure at the exit of the shock tube with the multi-point simultaneous initiation is smaller than that with single-point initiation. As the shock waves are focused on the wall, the maximum overpressure on the wall of the explosion chamber near the explosion zone is not reduced. The maximum overpressure on the wall of the explosion chamber can be effectively reduced by a six-point delayed initiation. When the interval time is less than 10 ms, the peak overpressure at the nozzle outlet decreases linearly with the interval of the explosion. When the interval time is greater than 10 ms, the overpressure peak remains unchanged.

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Approximating a far-field blast environment in an advanced blast simulator for explosion resistance testing

Cited by 24 publications

References 25 publications

Injury and death to armored passenger-vehicle occupants and ground personnel from explosive shock waves

Injury and death to armored passenger-vehicle occupants and ground personnel from explosive shock waves

Analysis of flow field in a blast simulator combined-driven by explosive charge and compressed gas

Analysis of the Overpressure Fields in a Shock Tube with Multi-Point Initiation

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