Appropriate technology for developing countries: Some issues

Designing an Appropriate Technology for Revitalising Traditional Craft Practice. Case study: Indonesian Stitch Resist Dyeing

“…However, these ideas have been developed into a broad definition of appropriateness in the past four decades which involves more aspects (Hollick, 1982;Pellegrini, 1979;Sianipar et al, 2013;Sianipar, Pamatang, Yudoko, Dowaki, & Adhiutama, 2014). (Evans et al, 2018) Many studies on appropriate technology in developing countries have established some issues and also suitable frameworks (Akubue, 2000;Bowonder, 1979;Brunn, 1996;Wicklein, 1998). This study adapts methods by Wicklein (1998) in selecting appropriate technology for traditional craft practices, in this case, Indonesian stitch resist dyeing craft practices.…”

Environmental management problems in India

“…Though a Forest Regulation Act exists, it has not been well implemented and the degradation has increased. Existing regulations have been poorly implemented because of the low level of bureaucratic and political commitment, the lack of procedures and systems, a poor data base and lack of information on environmental problems, and poor environmental policy-making capabilities (Bowonder 1979b). Although air pollution control regulations were established in 1981, no standards for ambient air quality and for new source performance (Navarro 1981) have been fixed so far, as in the USA.…”

Foresight Analysis of ICT Adoption in India: A Framework on Vision 2020

“…Technological forecasting is an attempt to identify the appropriate and relevant technologies. Bowonder (1979) has talked about the seven major limitations of "futures research" which do not allow the appropriate technology to penetrate in. These limitations include factors like (a) absence of formalized criteria, which means that planner, decision maker and the politicians have different vision; thus, an additional integrator is required to conceptualize the whole view and this type of multidimensionality or polycular perception is usually absent while visualizing the need for the technological design; (b) exogenous planning, that is, the planners and forecasters are exogenous to the system planned and thus it inhibits to extend the field of horizon; (c) existence of multiple needs, that refers to the needs which are subjective and are determined by socio, political, economical, cultural, environmental and psychological interactions; (d) complexities of the future, future can be referred to as the projection of aspirations and so the planning gets disrupted in case of developing countries where the resources are limited; (e) value dependence of technology, that is, technological developments are determined by political values and are thus, appropriate mainly because of sociopolitical paradigms; (f) information lacunae, that is, lack of information or data becomes the major road blocks for rational policy making and planning; and (g) poor policy making capabilities 1 .Schumacher (1973) has pointed out that the problems of developing countries cannot be solved without the reorientation of technology to make possible the development of new lifestyle and this might require the appropriate technological adaptation.…”