Appropriate Range of Median Urinary Iodine Concentration in 8- to 10-Year-Old Children Based on Generalized Additive Model

Wang, Zhengyuan; Luo, Baozhang; Zang, Jiajie; Shi, Zehuan; Cui, Xueying; Song, Qi; Wei, Jin; Guo, Changyi; Liu, Shoujun

doi:10.1089/thy.2019.0813

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Subjects were examined in a sitting position with the neck hyperextended to fully expose the thyroid ( 28 ). Thyroid volume was calculated with the following formula: V (mL) = 0.479×d (mm)×w (mm)×l (mm)×0.001 ( 29 ). The diagnostic criteria for goiter, thyroid volume was > 25 ml (male) and > 18 ml (female) ( 30 , 31 ); and thyroid nodule, one or more nodule (> 5mm) without goiter ( 27 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Thyroid Condition and Residual Clinical Signs in 31 Existing Endemic Neurological Cretins After 42 Years of Iodine Supplementation in China

Ren

et al. 2022

Front. Endocrinol.

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BackgroudEndemic cretinism is the most severe manifestation among the iodine deficiency-related disorders. The clinical status of the cretins may be modified subsequently by the duration and severity of the disease. We aimed to reassess the clinical status and thyroid function of 31 surviving “neurological cretins” after 42 years of iodine supplementation in a historically severely iodine deficiency area of China.MethodsIt was a cross-sectional study in design and we investigated all 31 surviving neurological cretins and 85 controls. A detailed neurological examination was conducted on each patients. All the participants were given a questionnaire and underwent B-mode ultrasonography of the thyroid. The serum levels of thyroid hormones, thyroid antibodies, serum iodine concentration (SIC) and urine iodine concentration (UIC) were measured.ResultsThe neurological cretins had shorter stature than that of the control. Neurological damage is still present in patients with cretinism. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid nodule in the cretins was significantly higher (χ2 =4.766, P=0.029 and χ2 =17.077, P<0.0001, respectively) compared with the control. After adjusting for confounding factors, endemic neurocretinism was found to be an independent risk factor for subclinical hypothyroidism (OR=4.412; 95% CI: 1.358–14.334; P=0.014) and thyroid nodule (OR=6.433; 95% CI: 2.323–17.816; P<0.0001).ConclusionsIodine supplementation after birth does not reverse the neurological damage that results from maternal/foetal hypothyroidism in utero and is subsequently manifested as neurological cretinism. There is a cross-sectional association between endemic neurocretinism and subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid nodule.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Thyroid Condition and Residual Clinical Signs in 31 Existing Endemic Neurological Cretins After 42 Years of Iodine Supplementation in China

Ren

et al. 2022

Front. Endocrinol.

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“…TVOL equals the sum of the right and left lobe volumes, excluding the isthmus of the thyroid. The length, width and height of the left and right thyroid lobes were measured, and the volume of each thyroid lobe was calculated with the following formula: V (ml) = 0•479 × d (mm) × w (mm) × l (mm) × 0•001 (1) .…”

Section: Investigation Indicators and Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Iodine is an essential raw material for synthesising thyroid hormones, and long-term iodine deficiency can lead to thyroid diseases, such as endemic goitre, hypothyroidism and endemic cretinism (1,2) . According to a report by Zimmermann MB in 2008, there were approximately 2 billion people in the world who did not have enough iodine intake (3) .…”

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confidence: 99%

Study on influential factors and reference values for thyroid volume in Chinese children aged 6–12 years

Wang

et al. 2022

Br J Nutr

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The purpose of this study was to research the factors influencing thyroid volume (TVOL) in 6∼12-year-old children and update the reference values. A cross-sectional study was carried out in iodine-sufficient areas of four provinces in China. Urine, edible salt, and drinking water samples were collected from children. Children’s height, weight, and TVOL were measured. Ridge regression was used to screen variables for solving the multicollinearity problem. Quantile regression was used to analyze the relationship between the quantiles of TVOL and other variables. In total, 5653 children aged 6∼12 years were enrolled in this study, including 2838 boys and 2815 girls. There was no significant difference in TVOL between boys and girls (P>0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that total TVOL was positively correlated with age, height, weight, BSA and BMI, and the correlation coefficients were 0.614, 0.625, 0.646, 0.653 and 0.488 respectively. Among them, the correlation between TVOL and BSA was the strongest. According to the ridge regression results, age and body surface area (BSA) influenced TVOL, and the ridge regression coefficients were 0.13 and 0.94 respectively. Quantile regression further showed that age and BSA had significant influences on the whole TVOL distribution (P<0.001). Therefore, the TVOL of children aged 6∼12 years in China was mainly influenced by age and BSA, and reference values for TVOL of different genders based on age and BSA were established.

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“…The Tvol is equal to the sum volume of the left and right lobes, excluding the thyroid isthmus. The calculation formula of the single Tvol is as follows: V (mL) = 0.479× d(mm)×w(mm)×l(mm)×0.001 (22) . The GR was calculated according to the Chinese "diagnostic criteria of endemic goiter" (WS 276-2007).…”

Section: Thyroid Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between water iodine and children’s goiters

Fan

et al. 2021

Br J Nutr

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Excessive iodine can lead to goiters. However, the relationship between the water iodine concentration (WIC) and goiter rate (GR) is unclear. This study aims to explore the factors that influence children’s GR in areas with high WIC and analyse the threshold value of the GR increase associated with the WIC. According to the monitoring of the areas with high WIC in China in 2018–2020, a total of 54,050 children in eight high water iodine provinces were chosen. Drinking water, urine and edible salt samples of children were collected. The thyroid volume (Tvol) was measured. A generalized additive model (GAM) was used to analyse the relationship between the WIC and GR in children. Among the 54,050 children in areas with high WIC, the overall GR was 3.34%, the median of water iodine concentration (MWIC) was 127.0 µg/L, the median of urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) was 318 µg/L, and the noniodized salt coverage rate (NISCR) was 63.51%. According to the GAM analysis results, water iodine and urinary iodine are factors that influence the Tvol and GR, while the NISCR affects only the GR. When the WIC was more than 420 µg/L or the urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was more than 800 µg/L, the GR increased rapidly. When the NISCR reached more than 85%, the GR was the lowest. Thus, in areas with high WIC, WIC more than 420µg/L may increase the risk of goiter, and the NISCR should be increased to over 85% to avoid goiters in children.

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Appropriate Range of Median Urinary Iodine Concentration in 8- to 10-Year-Old Children Based on Generalized Additive Model

Cited by 5 publications

References 19 publications

The Thyroid Condition and Residual Clinical Signs in 31 Existing Endemic Neurological Cretins After 42 Years of Iodine Supplementation in China

The Thyroid Condition and Residual Clinical Signs in 31 Existing Endemic Neurological Cretins After 42 Years of Iodine Supplementation in China

Study on influential factors and reference values for thyroid volume in Chinese children aged 6–12 years

Relationship between water iodine and children’s goiters

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