Approaching the nature of consciousness through a phenomenal analysis of early vision. What is the explanandum?

Abstract

Loorits (2014) identifies the solution to the hard problem of consciousness in the possibility of fully analyzing seemingly non-structural aspects of consciousness in structural terms. However, research on consciousness conducted in recent decades has failed to bridge the explanatory gap between the brain and conscious mind. One reason why the explanatory gap cannot be filled, and consequently the problem remains hard, is that experience and neural structure are too different or “distant” to be directly compatible. Conversely, structural aspects of consciousness can be found in phenomenal experience. One possible alternative, therefore, is to seek the structure of seemingly non-structural aspects of consciousness not in the neural substrate, but within consciousness itself, through a phenomenal analysis of the qualitative aspects of experience, starting from its simplest forms. An essential premise is to reformulate the explanandum of consciousness, which is usually attributed to qualia and what it is like to be in a certain state. However, these properties do not allow us to identify the fundamental aspects of phenomenal experience. Sensations such as the redness of red or the painfulness of pain are inseparable from the context of the experience to which they belong, making qualia appear as phenomenal artifacts. Furthermore, the simplest qualitative aspects can be found in early vision. They are involved in perceptual organization and necessarily have relational significance. The unitary set of qualities found in early vision—such as those related to being an object, background or detail—constitutes the explanandum of the simplest forms of consciousness and seems to imply a justifying structure. Although early vision is characterized by interdependent qualitative components that form a unitary whole, we cannot find in it the structure of seemingly non-structural aspects of consciousness. Phenomenal appearance alone does not seem sufficient to identify a unitary structure of consciousness. However, the closeness of these characteristics to a unitary structure prompts us to delve into less explored territory, using the components of experience also as possible explanans.

The hidden structure of consciousness

“…What I have proposed in this paper is a possible explanation of what I have identified as the explanandum, i.e., the unitary set of qualities we find in early vision ( Forti, 2024 ). It is precisely elements of that explanandum that help provide the explanation.…”

“…Such phenomenal qualities, which are manifold and different from each other, are perceived in relation to each other and seem to form a unitary whole. We can say that the explanandum of consciousness is a unitary set of qualities, i.e., a set of qualities closely dependent on each other, which we can find in its simplest forms in early vision ( Forti, 2024 ). Of course, unity per se is not specific to consciousness.…”