Approaches Toward Efficient and Stable Electron Extraction Contact in Organic Photovoltaic Cells: Inspiration from Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

High-efficiency polymer photovoltaic cells using a solution-processable insulating interfacial nanolayer: the role of the insulating nanolayer

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The advantage of OPVs is that they can be more easily realized into flexible devices by low-cost and simple solution processes than inorganic solar cells. However, OPVs have practical limitations such as low power conversion efficiency (PCE), which is determined by open circuit voltage (V OC ), short circuit current (J SC ) and fill factor (FF).…”

Roles of Interlayers in Efficient Organic Photovoltaic Devices

“…[37] However, most conducting polymers do not have a comparable work function with a metal cathode and, therefore, organic materials cannot be adapted as interlayers in OPVs. Recently, several research groups have focused on interfacial materials based on inorganic materials prepared from solution processes or a thermal evaporation method.…”

“…[30] The last feature underlying high efficiency OPVs is inserting an interlayer between the active layer and the indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate or the active layer and the metal electrode. [31][32][33][34][35][36][37] Considering the recent progress with organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), the interlayers in terms of device efficiency and lifetime are extremely important. [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] Although interlayers are not active layers involved in the light emission process, they can improve the electroluminescence efficiency several times by several orders of magnitude.…”

Highly Efficient Hybrid Inorganic–Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes by using Air‐Stable Metal Oxides and a Thick Emitting Layer

“…[3] In addition, air-stable solution-processed LEDs without air-sensitive charge injection materials are important for realizing rollto-roll mass production of flexible OLEDs, because it is difficult to apply conventional encapsulation techniques to the production of flexible OLEDs. [4][5][6][7] Strategies for fabricating simplified air-stable devices without a thin low-work-function metal (i.e., Ca or Ba) beneath the Al electrode have proven to be flawed when applied to conventional structures (Figure 1 a), because most of the holes can recombine with electrons near the Al electrode, leading to significant quenching of the excitons. [6,7] Therefore, it is of particular importance to incorporate air-stable, efficient charge injection contacts into the devices.…”

“…[6,7] Therefore, it is of particular importance to incorporate air-stable, efficient charge injection contacts into the devices. Although several approaches using ionic polymers that are soluble in polar solvents have been employed, [5] they have required conventional encapsulation techniques for stable operation because of their strong susceptibility to moisture.…”