Approaches to the safety assessment of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) in food

Cockburn, Andrew; Bradford, Roberta; Buck, Neil; Constable, Anne; Edwards, Gareth; Haber, Bernd; Hepburn, Paul; Howlett, John; Kampers, F.W.H.; Klein, Christoph; Radomski, Marek W.; Stamm, H.; Wijnhoven, Susan; Wildemann, Tanja

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2011.12.029

Cited by 110 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…NPs are small and they can cross the blood-brain barrier and penetrate the organism through skin or deposit in the respiratory organs (Łebkowska et al 2011). The released NPs (TiO 2 and Ag) are accumulated in the tissues of aquatic animals in the structures of plants, within the phytoplankton, and in the roots of aquatic plants (Bradley et al 2011, Cockburn et al 2012. Currently, the researchers are looking for effective ways to disinfect cosmetic and pharmaceutical or medical devices, in which the microbiological purity is crucial.…”

Section: Toxicity Of Nanoparticles To Aquatic Microorganismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The purpose of adding them to the structure of bags is to preserve food quality and improve storage safety, food taste, food structure and texture. They are also added for protection against pathogenic bacteria (Cockburn et al 2012). TiO 2 -NPs are applied as components in self-cleaning and antifogging surfaces, in detergents, in sterilizing agents, and to photocatalytically purify air and water (Babaizadeh and Hassan 2013).…”

Section: Presence Of Nanomaterials In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inorganic nanomaterials in the aquatic environment: behavior, toxicity, and interaction with environmental elements

Krzyżewska¹,

Kyzioł-Komosińska²,

Rosik-Dulewska³

et al. 2016

Archives of Environmental Protection

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Abstract:The aim of this paper is to present characteristics, toxicity and environmental behavior of nanoparticles (NPs) (silver, copper, gold, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, iron oxide) that most frequently occur in consumer products. In addition, NPs are addressed as the new aquatic environmental pollutant of the 21 st century. NPs are adsorbed onto particles in the aquatic systems (clay minerals, fulvic and humic acids), or they can adsorb environmental pollutants (heavy metal ions, organic compounds). Nanosilver (nAg) is released from consumer products into the aquatic environment. It can threaten aquatic organisms with high toxicity. Interestingly, copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) demonstrate higher toxicity to bacteria and aquatic microorganisms than those of nanosilver nAg. Their small size and reactivity can cause penetration into the tissues and interfere with the metabolic systems of living organisms and bacterial biogeochemical cycles. The behavior of NPs is not fully recognized. Nevertheless, it is known that NPs can agglomerate, bind with ions (chlorides, sulphates, phosphates) or organic compounds. They can also be bound or immobilized by slurry. The NPs behavior depends on process conditions, i.e. pH, ionic strength, temperature and presence of other chemical compounds. It is unknown how NPs behave in the aquatic environment. Therefore, the research on this problem should be carried out under different process conditions. As for the toxicity, it is important to understand where the differences in the research results come from. As NPs have an impact on not only aquatic organisms but also human health and life, it is necessary to recognize their toxic doses and know standards/regulations that determine the permissible concentrations of NPs in the environment.Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/12/18 7:36 AM

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Section: Toxicity Of Nanoparticles To Aquatic Microorganismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Presence Of Nanomaterials In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inorganic nanomaterials in the aquatic environment: behavior, toxicity, and interaction with environmental elements

Krzyżewska¹,

Kyzioł-Komosińska²,

Rosik-Dulewska³

et al. 2016

Archives of Environmental Protection

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Various factors in the lumen influence digestion including ionic strength, pH, digestive enzymes, bile, microbiota, transit time, hydrodynamics and the composition of the food matrix (Brandon et al, 2006). Fluid models that simulate the human GI tract can provide useful ways of evaluating certain aspects of NM digestion including bioaccessibility, stability, dissolution and aggregation (Cockburn et al, 2012). Available models originate from pharmaceutical and food safety research (Table 4).…”

Section: In Vitro Non-cellular Fluid Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, there is heightened interest in the identification, validation and standardization of scientific methodologies to assess the uptake, and therefore internal absorbed dose, of NMs that are relevant to human dietary sources (Bouwmeester et al, 2009;Card et al, 2011). Identification and quantification of changes to these materials during digestion in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract lumen, and of absorption through the GI tract epithelium, can be important in their risk assessment (Cockburn et al, 2012;Dekkers et al, 2011;Hagens et al, 2007). The oral absorption of drugs in the nanometer range was previously reviewed (Gamboa & Leong, 2013;Shahbazi & Santos, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utility of models of the gastrointestinal tract for assessment of the digestion and absorption of engineered nanomaterials released from food matrices

Venema²,

et al. 2014

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Engineered metal/mineral, lipid and biochemical macromolecule nanomaterials (NMs) have potential applications in food. Methodologies for the assessment of NM digestion and bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract are nascent and require refinement. A working group was tasked by the International Life Sciences Institute NanoRelease Food Additive project to review existing models of the gastrointestinal tract in health and disease, and the utility of these models for the assessment of the uptake of NMs intended for food. Gastrointestinal digestion and absorption could be addressed in a tiered approach using in silico computational models, in vitro non-cellular fluid systems and in vitro cell culture models, after which the necessity of ex vivo organ culture and in vivo animal studies can be considered. Examples of NM quantification in gastrointestinal tract fluids and tissues are emerging; however, few standardized analytical techniques are available. Coupling of these techniques to gastrointestinal models, along with further standardization, will further strengthen methodologies for risk assessment.

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“…This leads to uncertainties in the characteristics of nanomaterials, effects and exposure assessment and testing considerations (Grieger et al, 2009). Specifically within food safety, information is needed on the correct dose metric to use, the toxicokinetics of nanoparticles, the food products containing nanoparticles (Bouwmeester et al, 2009), the state of nanoparticles when manufactured and when used, and the potential for exposure (Cockburn et al, 2012). In practice, this information is hard to come by causing large uncertainty in the risk assessment (Morgan, 2005).…”

Section: A Species Sensitivity Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical modelling of variability and uncertainty in risk assessment of nanoparticles

Jacobs

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Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are used everywhere and have large technological and economic potential. Like all novel materials, however, ENPs have no history of safe use.Insight into risks of nanotechnology and the use of nanoparticles is an essential condition for the societal acceptance and safe use of nanotechnology.Risk assessment of ENPs has been hampered by lack of knowledge about ENPs, their environmental fate, toxicity, testing considerations, characterisation of nanoparticles and human and environmental exposures and routes. This lack of knowledge results in uncertainty in the risk assessment. Moreover, due to the novelty of nanotechnology, risk assessors are often confronted with small samples of data on which to perform a risk assessment. Dealing with this uncertainty and the small sample sizes are main challenges when it comes to risk assessment of ENPs. The objectives of this thesis are (i) to perform a transparent risk assessment of nanoparticles in the face of large uncertainty in such a way that it can guide future research to reduce the uncertainty and (ii) to evaluate empirical and parametric methods to estimate the risk probability in the case of small sample sizes.To address the first objective, I adapted an existing Integrated Probabilistic Risk Assessment (IPRA) method for use in nanoparticle risk assessment. In IPRA, statistical distributions and bootstrap methods are used to quantify uncertainty and variability in the risk assessment in a two-dimensional Monte Carlo algorithm. This method was applied in a human health (nanosilica in food) and an environmental (nanoT iO 2 in water) risk context. I showed that IPRA leads to a more transparent risk assessment and can direct further environmental and toxicological research to the areas in which it is most needed.For the second objective, I addressed the problem of small sample size of the critical effect concentration (CEC) in the estimation of R = P (E xpC > C EC ), where E xpC is the exposure concentration. First I assumed normality and investigated various parametric and non-parametric estimators. I found that, compared to the non-parametric estimators, the parametric estimators enable us to better estimate and bound the risk when sample sizes and/or small risks are small. Moreover, the Bayesian estimator out-ABSTRACT performed the maximum likelihood estimators in terms of coverage and interval lengths.Second, I relaxed the normality assumption for the tails of the exposure and effect distributions. I developed a mixture model to estimate the risk, R = P (E xpC > C EC ), with the assumption of a normal distribution for the bulk data and generalised Pareto distributions for the tails. A sensitivity analysis showed significant influence of the tail heaviness on the risk probability, R, especially for low risks.In conclusion, to really be able to focus the research into the risks of ENPs to the most needed areas, probabilistic methods as used and developed in this thesis need to be implemented on a larger scale. With these methods,...

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Approaches to the safety assessment of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) in food

Cited by 110 publications

References 70 publications

Inorganic nanomaterials in the aquatic environment: behavior, toxicity, and interaction with environmental elements

Inorganic nanomaterials in the aquatic environment: behavior, toxicity, and interaction with environmental elements

Utility of models of the gastrointestinal tract for assessment of the digestion and absorption of engineered nanomaterials released from food matrices

Statistical modelling of variability and uncertainty in risk assessment of nanoparticles

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