Approach to optimize 3-dimensional brain functional activation image with high resolution: a study on functional near-infrared spectroscopy

Shoaib, Zeshan; Kamran, Muhammad Ahmad; Mannan, Malik Muhammad Naeem; Jeong, Myung Yung

doi:10.1364/boe.10.004684

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…The oxygen level in human brain tissues can be examined using near infrared (NIR) light, as suggested by Jobsis [50]. Two important chromophores are present in blood, i.e., HbO and HbR, which determine the absorption rate of the NIR photons; in specific brain areas, changes in the relative concentrations of HbO and HbR are estimated using the modified Beer-Lambert law [51,52]. An interesting fact is that the fNIRS setup is harmless, which allows us to easily place probes on the adult, animal or even infant's head and perform a wide variety of experiments [53,54].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Drowsiness Reduction Strategy Utilizing Visual Stimulation With Different Colors of Light: An fNIRS Study

et al. 2021

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Drowsiness during driving is a severe problem that must be addressed to improve road safety. Numerous counter-measures have been proposed to resolve this issue like adaptive environmental settings (temperature, sound, and light). The objective of this study was to accurately predict the effects of exposure to different colors of light on human drowsiness by using functional near-infrared spectroscopy and other physical measurements (heart rate and eye closure). We targeted two regions of the brain (visual and prefrontal cortices). Twenty-three healthy subjects were investigated to evaluate all variables related to the awakening state, and twenty-one healthy subjects were also examined in the drowsy state evaluation. Eventually, the ten most suitable subjects were exposed to red, green, and blue lights under drowsy conditions, according to the experimental paradigm. Dim light was maintained in the experimental premises before and after colored light exposure to limit the results to those produced only in response to the desired stimuli. Eye closure, heart rate, and changes in oxy and deoxy hemoglobin concentrations were measured to characterize the condition (awake/drowsy) of the subject. A support vector machine classifier was used to identify the classification accuracy of awake and drowsy states. In conclusion, exposure to blue light triggered the activation of oxy hemoglobin in targeted brain regions; however, deoxy hemoglobin was not significantly affected by exposure to any of the colored lights. Noticeably, our study revealed that blue light exposure is more effective at reducing drowsiness than exposure to red and green lights.INDEX TERMS functional near-infrared spectroscopy, colored light exposure, drowsiness, sleep deprivation, heart rate, and eye closure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Drowsiness Reduction Strategy Utilizing Visual Stimulation With Different Colors of Light: An fNIRS Study

et al. 2021

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“…This means that signal quality and/or regional specificity might have been compromised in some patients; (b) data quality in the somatosensory cortex can vary between subjects due to hair density, and in rare cases due to movement (although, the movement of patient is typically minimum after the surgery has commenced). Therefore, data were further processed using wavelet-based head motion correction and physiological noise regression to remove systemic noise sources; (c) correct correlation of observer time-locking events for later correlation with the fNIRS response (i.e., human error among research personnel involved in data collection); (d) methodological limitations of fNIRS equipment, such as limited spatial resolution (

to 3 cm), 113 , 114 and superficial penetration depth into the cortex, which limits investigation into deeper pain-related brain regions; (e) intraoperative evaluation under anesthesia makes it challenging to account for intersubject variability in analgesic state, and efficacy of peripheral nerve blockade; (f) distribution of activation over S1 observed in fNIRS—beyond “expected” somatotopy is expected as based on primate studies, there are multiple representations of the body in S1 within its various divisions and subdivisions (area 1, areas 2, 3a, and 3b) (see Ref. 115 ); (g) the period of time recorded when no procedures (painful and no painful) were being conducted (P0) could also be affected by the lingering effects of pain from previous incisions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

fNIRS brain measures of ongoing nociception during surgical incisions under anesthesia

et al. 2022

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Significance : Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has evaluated pain in awake and anesthetized states. Aim : We evaluated fNIRS signals under general anesthesia in patients undergoing knee surgery for anterior cruciate ligament repair. Approach : Patients were split into groups: those with regional nerve block (NB) and those without (non-NB). Continuous fNIRS measures came from three regions: the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), known to be involved in evaluation of nociception, the lateral prefrontal cortex (BA9), and the polar frontal cortex (BA10), both involved in higher cortical functions (such as cognition and emotion). Results : Our results show three significant differences in fNIRS signals to incision procedures between groups: (1) NB compared with non-NB was associated with a greater net positive hemodynamic response to pain procedures in S1; (2) dynamic correlation between the prefrontal cortex (PreFC) and S1 within 1 min of painful procedures are anticorrelated in NB while positively correlated in non-NB; and (3) hemodynamic measures of activation were similar at two separate time points during surgery (i.e., first and last incisions) in PreFC and S1 but showed significant differences in their overlap. Comparing pain levels immediately after surgery and during discharge from postoperative care revealed no significant differences in the pain levels between NB and non-NB. Conclusion : Our data suggest multiple pain events that occur during surgery using devised algorithms could potentially give a measure of “pain load.” This may allow for evaluation of central sensitization (i.e., a heightened state of the nervous system where noxious and non-noxious stimuli is perceived as painful) to postoperative pain levels and the resulting analgesic consumption. This evaluation could potentially predict postsurgical chronic neuropathic pain.

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“…MATLAB R2021b (MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA) software was used to analyze the NIRS data. Optical intensities were converted to oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbO/HbR) concentration changes by the Modified Beer-Lambert law [22, 30] and saved in the MATLAB workspace for further processing. An age- and wavelength-dependent differential pathlength factor was calculated for each subject [31].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among various neuroimaging modalities for studying the metabolic state of the brain, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), single-photon emission computerized tomography, and positron emission tomography (PET), the emerging neuroimaging modality of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) may help to address the challenge of measuring neuronal activity in real-time with reasonable spatial and better temporal resolution [22, 23]. fNIRS has additional advantages over fMRI and PET, such as portability, low cost, and better safety [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of neuromodulatory effect of anodal cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation on the primary motor cortex using functional near-infrared spectroscopy

Shoaib

Chang

Lee

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: Cerebellar brain inhibition (CBI), a neural connection between the cerebellum and primary motor cortex (M1), has been researched as a target pathway for neuromodulation to improve clinical outcomes in various neurological diseases. However, conflicting results of anodal cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (acb-tDCS) on M1 excitability indicate that additional investigation is required to examine its precise effect. Objective/Hypothesis: This study aimed to gather evidence of the neuromodulatory effect of acb-tDCS on the M1 using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Methods: Sixteen healthy participants were included in this cross-over study. Participants received real and sham acb-tDCS in a random order, with a minimum one-week washout period between them. The anode and cathode were placed on the right cerebellum and the right buccinator muscle, respectively. Stimulation lasted 20 min at an intensity of 2 mA, and fNIRS data were recorded for 42 min (including a 4 min baseline before stimulation and an 18 min post-stimulation duration) using eight channels attached bilaterally on the M1. Results: acb-tDCS induced a significant decrease in oxyhemoglobin (HbO) concentration (inhibitory effect) in the left (contralateral) M1, whereas it induced a significant increase in HbO concentration (excitatory effect) in the right (ipsilateral) M1 compared to sham tDCS during (p < 0.05) and after stimulation (p < 0.01) in a group level analysis. At the individual level, variations in the response to acb-tDCS were observed. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate the neuromodulatory effects of acb-tDCS on the bilateral M1 in terms of neuronal hemodynamics.

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Approach to optimize 3-dimensional brain functional activation image with high resolution: a study on functional near-infrared spectroscopy

Cited by 9 publications

References 76 publications

A Drowsiness Reduction Strategy Utilizing Visual Stimulation With Different Colors of Light: An fNIRS Study

A Drowsiness Reduction Strategy Utilizing Visual Stimulation With Different Colors of Light: An fNIRS Study

fNIRS brain measures of ongoing nociception during surgical incisions under anesthesia

Investigation of neuromodulatory effect of anodal cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation on the primary motor cortex using functional near-infrared spectroscopy

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