Approach to hyponatremia according to the clinical setting: Consensus statement from the Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE), Italian Society of Nephrology (SIN), and Italian Association of Medical Oncology (AIOM)

Abstract

Funding: The study was not funded. Acknowledgements: We would like to thank all the members of the Fluid and Electrolytes Disorder Club of the Italian Society of Endocrinology, for the scientific support during the writing of the manuscript.

Hyponatremia, falls and bone fractures: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…5,51 In addition, both preclinical and clinical reports have documented that chronic hyponatremia can cause a direct damage to neuronal cells possibly contributing to the development of ageingrelated central nervous system impairment. 35,52 Similar findings have been reported for the relationship between osteoporosis and hyponatremia. In particular, experimental data suggest that chronic hyponatremia increases the number and the activity of osteoclasts, which contribute to the mobilization of sodium from the bone.…”

“…In addition, both preclinical and clinical reports have documented that chronic hyponatremia can cause a direct damage to neuronal cells possibly contributing to the development of ageing‐related central nervous system impairment . Similar findings have been reported for the relationship between osteoporosis and hyponatremia.…”

“…Mild chronic hyponatremia has been considered for a long time an asymptomatic state unlike the acute forms, which may represent a dramatic and life-threatening condition as the result of cerebral oedema. [35][36][37] A body of evidence published in the last 10 years has substantially changed this view. By meta-analysing all available data, we recently demonstrated that even mild hyponatremia (serum [Na + ] 130-135 mmol/L) is associated with a significantly increased risk of overall mortality independent of the primary causes underlying the reduction of serum [Na + ].…”

“…Mild chronic hyponatremia has been considered for a long time an asymptomatic state unlike the acute forms, which may represent a dramatic and life‐threatening condition as the result of cerebral oedema . A body of evidence published in the last 10 years has substantially changed this view.…”

Thyroid disorders in programmed death 1 inhibitor‐treated patients: Is previous therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors a predisposing factor?

“…[4][5][6][7][8] Hyponatremia secondary to adrenal insufficiency or to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion may also be observed. 9,10 According to CTCAE 5.0, low-grade irAEs can be managed easily and do not require treatment interruption. High-grade irAEs may require high-dose corticosteroid therapy or even interruption of the treatment.…”