Appraisal of probabilistic levels of toxic metals and health risk in cultivated and marketed vegetables in urban and peri-urban areas of Delhi, India

Kumar, Sandeep; Prasad, Shiv; Shrivastava, Manoj; Bhatia, Arti; Islam, Shams Ul; Yadav, Krishna Kumar; Kharia, Sushil Kumar; Dass, Anchal; Gupta, Neha; Yadav, Saroj; Cabral-Pinto, Marina M.S.

doi:10.1016/j.etap.2022.103863

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…In the present study, five most toxic heavy metals were selected as described by Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry in priority list. Five heavy metals, namely arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg), were identified for assessing the contamination load in vegetables, soil, and water (Kumar et al, 2022; Kumar, Prasad, Shrivastava, Kharia, & Yadav, 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The samples were collected thrice in a season (6 vegetables × 3 replication × 5 fields per site = 90 samples from each site). Vegetable samples were collected in cotton bags and brought to the laboratory for further processing and analysis (Bhatia et al, 2015; Kumar et al, 2022).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The location of sampling sites in the Delhi NCR region is shown in Figure 1. Kanjhawala, Najafgarh, and Shahdara sites are situated near the drains (Kumar et al, 2022).…”

Section: Study Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heavy metals transfer in soil‐vegetable continuum and health risk assessment via consumption in the urban sprawl of Delhi, India

Kumar

Prasad

Shrivastava

et al. 2023

Journal of Food Safety

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Human health is the biggest issue with consumption of contaminated vegetables and water. This study aimed to quantify heavy metals in soil, irrigation water, and vegetables in five urban and peri‐urban area of Delhi. Under this study, vegetable crops, i.e. spinach, tomato, carrot, potato, onion and mustard were selected and soil, water and vegetable samples were analyzed for five toxic heavy metals, i.e. As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb. Result showed that in irrigation water samples, Cd crossed the WHO/FAO permissible limit at Mehrauli and Najafgarh, while in all vegetable samples Cd content was detected more than permissible limit except for spinach. At all the sites, transfer factor and hazard risk index were observed higher in spinach and okra. The target hazard quotient were higher in spinach (1.184) and correlated with higher As content. Findings revealed that contaminated vegetables consumption needs to be continuously monitored to avoid adverse health impacts.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heavy metals transfer in soil‐vegetable continuum and health risk assessment via consumption in the urban sprawl of Delhi, India

Kumar

Prasad

Shrivastava

et al. 2023

Journal of Food Safety

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“…A recent worldwide study by shows that contamination of peri-urban soils with metal(loid)s, pesticides and microplastics is similar to that of soil in urban green areas, that is, natural peri-urban areas have the same contamination as green areas in the city. Likewise, Kumar et al (2022) and Li et al (2019) mentioned that pressures from industry, urban growth, transportation and agriculture led to a decrease in soil quality in peri-urban areas and thus to an accumulation of HM in these soils (Hu et al, 2023).…”

Section: Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy metal contamination of vegetables in urban and peri-urban areas. An overview

Fischer,

Fischer-García

2023

Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Hortic

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The growth in urbanization and industrialization is causing an increase in environmental pollution in cities and their surrounding areas. Additionally, the growing urban population requires a greater volume of fresh vegetables. In nature, heavy metals (HM) are widely distributed; when they gradually enter the soil-plant-consumer continuum, they are difficult to remove from the system and accumulate at toxic levels. To gain an overview of this situation, the information in the ScienceDirect database was used in accordance with the PRISMA guide. For this, the keywords “vegetable”, “contamination” and “urban” were used in a first step and, in a second step, the keywords “vegetable” and “heavy metal” were used. The most toxic HM for consumers are Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr and As, as well as essential MP for the plant (Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mo). At excessive concentrations these cause neurological and kidney damage, cancer and other forms of damage to health. Crop contamination can come from the atmosphere, irrigation water, and/or the soil itself, proximity to busy roads, industry, polluted rivers, and excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers that contain HM. Plant poisoning by HM causes a decrease in root growth and biomass of the plant, foliar chlorosis, and other physiological alterations. Leafy vegetables (including aromatic herbs) and solanaceous vegetables accumulate the most HM, while cucurbits and legumes are the least affected. Plants that develop for a longer time accumulate a greater amount of HM. In general, to increase the food safety of urban horticulture, more studies are needed on HM contamination, soil aptitude, risk assessment for ingesting intoxicated vegetables, as well as appropriate instructions for the clean handling of these crops in cities and surrounding areas.

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“…Unfortunately, many nations lack their own national health risk assessment procedures and most of the studies conducted to date have instead relied heavily on the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) model and parameters [16]. Many studies have effectively assessed the human health risk posed by HMs in polluted soils using the USEPA approach, including those conducted in Poland [17], China [18], Chad, Africa [19], India [20], Turkey [21] and Brazil [22]. In addition, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of pollution status can also be assessed in great detail when these data are integrated with geographic information system technology (GIS) [23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Assessment and Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals with an Emphasis on Antimony (Sb) in Urban Soil in Bojnourd, Iran

et al. 2023

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Recently, one of the major environmental issues is the pollution of soil with Antimony (Sb), which is ecologically detrimental and potentially carcinogenic to humans. In developing countries such as Iran, Sb concentrations in soils have not yet been accurately determined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the levels of Sb and the other HMs (Pb, Cd, As, Ni, Hg and Cr) in the surface soils of Bojnourd, Iran, as well as their distribution and potential risks to the environment and human health. A total of 37 soil samples (0–20 cm) were taken from different sampling stations: 900 × 900 m regular grid for traffic areas (TA), residential areas (RA) and suburb areas (SA). The contamination factor (CF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) are two indices that were used to reflect the potential ecological risk from HMs. Geographic information system (GIS), Spearman correlation matrix and health risk indexes were utilized to investigate the source and potential hazard of HMs. The results showed that the average concentration of HMs in TA was highly enriched compared to other areas. Most soil samples were identified to have low levels of Sb and Ni pollution, while having moderate to high levels of Pb, Cr, As, Hg and Cd pollution, as determined by the pollution indices (Igeo and CF). Geostatistical analysis and GIS mapping of the spatial distribution of HM concentrations showed that there have been similar patterns of spatial distribution for Cd, Cr, Ni and Sb and their hot spots were in the southeast, west and center of the city. Neither the hazard quotient (HQ) nor the hazard index (HI) of the examined HMs indicated any non-carcinogenic risk to adults or children. However, carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that cancer risk was raised from Cr and Cd contents for children, while these elements showed an acceptable risk for adults. Furthermore, children’s carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic values were greater than adults’, indicating more potential health hazards associated with these HMs. Therefore, assessing the risk posed by HM pollution in urban surface soil is vital and urgent for children. A more detailed investigation is also required to identify the spatial distribution of soil pollution in areas recognized as enriched in Sb. A proper assessment of the environmental risk and the corresponding risk to humans from HM in a study area can be critical to developing an appropriate remediation method.

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Appraisal of probabilistic levels of toxic metals and health risk in cultivated and marketed vegetables in urban and peri-urban areas of Delhi, India

Cited by 9 publications

References 61 publications

Heavy metals transfer in soil‐vegetable continuum and health risk assessment via consumption in the urban sprawl of Delhi, India

Heavy metals transfer in soil‐vegetable continuum and health risk assessment via consumption in the urban sprawl of Delhi, India

Heavy metal contamination of vegetables in urban and peri-urban areas. An overview

Risk Assessment and Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals with an Emphasis on Antimony (Sb) in Urban Soil in Bojnourd, Iran

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