Apportionment of racial diversity: A review

Brown, Ryan Andrew; Armelagos, George J.

doi:10.1002/1520-6505(2001)10:1<34::aid-evan1011>3.0.co;2-p

Cited by 128 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Several studies have found that although approximately 90% of the total genetic variation is between individuals, approximately 10% occurs between ethnic/cultural groups (reviewed in Brown and Armelagos, 2001). Hence, it appears that this 10% difference may be enough to introduce population stratification into association analyses when ethnicity is not matched between subjects and controls.…”

Section: Case Control-association Studiessupporting

confidence: 59%

Pharmacogenetics and Human Molecular Genetics of Opiate and Cocaine Addictions and Their Treatments

et al. 2005

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Section: Case Control-association Studiessupporting

confidence: 59%

Pharmacogenetics and Human Molecular Genetics of Opiate and Cocaine Addictions and Their Treatments

et al. 2005

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“…Previous studies have shown that differences among continental groups represent a rather small fraction of the global STR and RFLP diversity of our species (Barbujani et al 1997;Jorde et al 2000;Brown and Armelagos 2001). In this study we found that a between-continent variance accounting for 5% to 20% of the total is the rule also for numerous nuclear biallelic polymorphisms, on the basis of independent loci typed in a large number of samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Human Diversity, within and among Continents, Inferred from Biallelic DNA Polymorphisms

Romualdi¹,

Balding²,

Nasidze³

et al. 2002

Genome Res.

199

123

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Previous studies have reported that about 85% of human diversity at Short Tandem Repeat (STR) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) autosomal loci is due to differences between individuals of the same population, whereas differences among continental groups account for only 10% of the overall genetic variance. These findings conflict with popular notions of distinct and relatively homogeneous human races, and may also call into question the apparent usefulness of ethnic classification in, for example, medical diagnostics. Here, we present new data on 21 Alu insertions in 32 populations. We analyze these data along with three other large, globally dispersed data sets consisting of apparently neutral biallelic nuclear markers, as well as with a ␤-globin data set possibly subject to selection. We confirm the previous results for the autosomal data, and find a higher diversity among continents for Y-chromosome loci. We also extend the analyses to address two questions: (1) whether differences between continental groups, although small, are nevertheless large enough to confidently assign individuals to their continent on the basis of their genotypes; (2) whether the observed genotypes naturally cluster into continental or population groups when the sample source location is ignored. Using a range of statistical methods, we show that classification errors are at best around 30% for autosomal biallelic polymorphisms and 27% for the Y chromosome. Two data sets suggest the existence of three and four major groups of genotypes worldwide, respectively, and the two groupings are inconsistent. These results suggest that, at random biallelic loci, there is little evidence, if any, of a clear subdivision of humans into biologically defined groups.In various areas of applied genetics, it is customary to regard the human species as divided in distinct and objectively recognizable groups. Forensic scientists compare DNA profiles from the place of a crime with databases from the general population, usually grouped into broad racial categories (for instance, African-American, European-American, Asian, and Hispanic), to estimate the probability that an unrelated individual would have the identical DNA profile. The markers chosen for DNA profiling are considered to be essentially uniform across populations of the same category. Although the existence of problems with group definition has been acknowledged (e.g., Weir 2001), the fact that some individuals may not be easy to allocate to any such group is usually regarded as unimportant (National Research Council 1992;Lander and Budowle 1994;Morton 1994;Roeder 1994;Gill and Evett 1995). In clinical practice, a correlation of racial affiliation, as assessed from skin color, facial characteristics, hair texture, and so forth, with disease pathology and drug response is widely believed to exist. A PubMed search with the keywords "human races" (January 10, 2002) In contrast, population studies have suggested that genetic variation is essentially continuous through space amon...

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“…Confirming this deduction (which is based on ethnographic data), the available genetic evidence from small-scale societies shows only small amounts of variation across groups (Hartl and Clark, 1989, pp. 300-301;Brown and Armelagos, 2001). …”

Section: The Between-group Component Is Often Small Relative To the Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultural group selection, coevolutionary processes and large-scale cooperation

Henrich

2004

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

894

714

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In constructing improved models of human behavior, both experimental and behavioral economists have increasingly turned to evolutionary theory for insights into human psychology and preferences. Unfortunately, the existing genetic evolutionary approaches can explain neither the degree of prosociality (altruism and altruistic punishment) observed in humans, nor the patterns of variation in these behaviors across different behavioral domains and social groups. Ongoing misunderstandings about why certain models work, what they predict, and what the place is of "group selection" in evolutionary theory have hampered the use of insights from biology and anthropology. This paper clarifies some of these issues and proposes an approach to the evolution of prosociality rooted in the interaction between cultural and genetic transmission. I explain how, in contrast to non-cultural species, the details of our evolved cultural learning capacities (e.g., imitative abilities) create the conditions for the cultural evolution of prosociality. By producing multiple behavioral equilibria, including group-beneficial equilibria, cultural evolution endogenously generates a mechanism of equilibrium selection that can favor prosociality. Finally, in the novel social environments left in the wake of these cultural evolutionary processes, natural selection is likely to favor prosocial genes that would not be expected in a purely genetic approach.

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Apportionment of racial diversity: A review

Cited by 128 publications

References 37 publications

Pharmacogenetics and Human Molecular Genetics of Opiate and Cocaine Addictions and Their Treatments

Pharmacogenetics and Human Molecular Genetics of Opiate and Cocaine Addictions and Their Treatments

Patterns of Human Diversity, within and among Continents, Inferred from Biallelic DNA Polymorphisms

Cultural group selection, coevolutionary processes and large-scale cooperation

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